第七章 希望的胜利

1.Margaret Thatcher,The Downing Street Years(New York:HarperCollins,1993),p.753.

2.Timothy Garton Ash,The Magic Lantern:The Revolution of ’89 witnessed in Warsaw,Budapest,Berlin,and Prague(New York:Random House,1990),pp.141-42.

3.一种科学的类比,参见Per Bak,How Nature Works:The Science of Self-Organized Criticality(New York:Oxford University Press,1997).

4.George Bush and Brent Scowcroft,A World Transformed(New York:Knopf,1998),p.xiii.

5.George Bush and Brent Scowcroft,A World Transformed(New York:Knopf,1998),pp.13-14.

6.1988年12月27-28日政治局会议记录,CWIHP Bulletin,#12/13(Fall/Winter,2001),pp.25-26.

7.Bak,How Nature Works,especially pp.1-3.关于历史类比,参见John Lewis Gaddis,The Landscape of History:How Historians Map the Past(New York:Oxford University Press,2002),pp.79-81,84-87.

8.1989年11月1日戈尔巴乔夫与挨贡·克伦茨(Egon Krenz)的会谈备忘录,CWIHP Bulletin,#12/13(Fall/Winter,2001),pp.140-41.

9.1989年3月3日戈尔巴乔夫与内梅特的会谈备忘录,CWIHP Bulletin,#12/13(Fall/Winter,2001),p.77.有关1956年后匈牙利的发展情况,参见Gale Stokes,The Walls Game Tumbling Down:The Collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe(New York:Oxford University Press,1993),pp.78-101.

10.1989年3月3日戈尔巴乔夫与内梅特的会谈备忘录,CWIHP Bulletin,#12/13(Fall/Winter,2001),p.77.有关1956年后匈牙利的发展情况,参见Gale Stokes,The Walls Game Tumbling Down:The Collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe(New York:Oxford University Press,1993),99-101,131;以及CNN Cold War,第23章“The Wall Comes Down,1989”,对内梅特、伊姆雷·波茨盖依(Imre Pozsgay)、君特·沙博夫斯基(Günter Schabowski)的采访。

11.Stokes,The Walls Game Tumbling Down,pp.102-30;Bernard Gwertzman and Michael T.Kaufman,eds.,The Collapse of Communism(New York:Random House,1990),p.132.此外参见Garton Ash,The Magic Lantern,pp.25-46.

12.1989年5月9日波兰方面戈尔巴乔夫与雅鲁泽尔斯基会谈记录整理稿,CWIHP Bulletin,#12/13(Fall/Winter,2001),p.113.

13.Mikhail Gorbachev,Memoirs(New York:Doubleday,1995),pp.287,290,292.

14.1989年6月10日米尔克给服务机构领导的信,CWIHP Bulletin,#12/13(Fall/Winter,2001),p.209.

15.Charles S.Maier,Dissolution:The Crisis of Communism and the End of East Germany(Princeton:Princeton University Press,1997),pp.125-27.

16.CNN Cold War,第23章“The Wall Comes Down,1989”,对比尔吉特·斯潘瑙斯(Birgit Spannaus)的采访。此外参见Maier,Dissolution,pp.127-31;以及Stokes,The Walls Came Tumbling Down,pp.136-38.

17.CNN Cold War,第23章“The Wall Comes Down,1989”,对戈尔巴乔夫的采访;1989年11月1日戈尔巴乔夫与克伦茨的会谈备忘录,CWIHP Bulletin,#12/13(Fall/Winter,2001),pp.141-43,151.此外参见Gorbachev,Memoirs,pp.523-25.

18.1989年11月1日戈尔巴乔夫与克伦茨的会谈备忘录,pp.147-48。此外参见Stokes,The Walls Came Tumbling Down,pp.139-40.

19.1989年11月9日沙博夫斯基新闻发布会记录整理稿,CWIHP Bulletin,#12/13(Fall/Winter,2001),pp.157-58.此外参见Hans-Hermann Hertle,“The Fall of the Wall:The Unintended Self-Dissolution of East Germany’s Ruling Regime,”此外参见Stokes,The Walls Came Tumbling Down,pp.131-40;以及Phlip Zelikow and Condoleezza Rice,Germany Unified and Europe Transformed:A Study in Statecraft(Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1995),pp.98-101.

20.CNN Cold War,第23章“The Wall Comes Down,1989”,对戈尔巴乔夫的采访。

21.Stokes,The Walls Came Tumbling Down,pp.141-67,提供了关于这些事件的简明的论述。

22.1989年12月4日戈尔巴乔夫同齐奥塞斯库会谈记录,CWIHP Bulletin,#12/13(Fall/Winter,2001),pp.220-22.

23.1989年5月切尔亚耶夫日记,in Anatoly S.Chernyaev,My Six Years with Gorbachev,translated and edited by Robert D.English and Elizabeth Tucker(University Park,Pennsylvania:Pennsylvania State University Press,2000),p.226,Don Oberdorfer,From the Cold War to a New Era:The United States and the Soviet Union,1983-1991,updated edition(Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1998),p.355.

24.切尔亚耶夫关于1989年12月2日布什与戈尔巴乔夫在马耳他会谈笔记,CWIHP Bulletin,#12/13(Fall/Winter,2001),pp.232-34.此外参见Bush and Scowcroft,A World Transformed,p.164.

25.切尔亚耶夫1989年12月2日布什与戈尔巴乔夫会谈笔记,pp.229,233,以及1989年12月3日,CWIHP Bulletin,#12/13(Fall/Winter,2001),pp.237-38.

26.Chernyaev,My Six Years with Gorbachev,pp.114-15;Gorbachev,Memoirs,pp.517-18,520.

27.Zelikow and Rice,Germany Unified and Europe Transformed,p.83.这首诗写于俾斯麦奋力统一德国之时,由俄国诗人费多尔·丘特切夫(Fedor Tyutchev)所作。

28.1989年11月1日戈尔巴乔夫与可伦次会谈备忘录,CWIHP Bulletin,#12/13(Fall/Winter,2001),pp.144-45;CNN Cold War,第23章“The Wall Comes Down,1989”,对戈尔巴乔夫的采访。

29.Bush and Scowcroft,A World Transformed,p.249.

30.Bush and Scowcroft,A World Transformed,p.194.此外参见Zelikow and Rice,Germany Unified and Europe Transformed,pp.118-25.

31.Gorbachev,Memoirs,p.528;以及Zelikow and Rice,Germany Unified and Europe Transformed,pp.160-63.

32.这些数据来自Chernyaev,My Six Years with Gorbachev,p.272,以及Zelikow and Rice,Germany Unified and Europe Transformed,p.169.

33.Gorbachev,Memoirs,p.532.这种观点的一个来源,参见John Lewis Gaddis,“One Germany-in Both Alliance,”New York Times,March 21,1990.戈登·克莱格(Gordon Craig)和蒂莫西·加顿·阿什(Timothy Garton Ash)都亲自看到了撒切尔的反应,并且他们分别向我确认了这一点。

34.Bush and Scowcroft,A World Transformed,p.249.此外参见Jams M.Goldgeier,Not Whether But When:The U.S.Decision to Enlarge NATO(Washington:Brookings Institution,1999).

35.Gorbachev,Memoirs,pp.532-33.

36.Gorbachev,Memoirs,p.534.

37.Chernyaev,My Years with Gorbachev,pp.269-70.

38.Niccolò Machiavelli,The Prince,translated by Harvey C.Mansfield,second edition(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1998),p.66.

39.Ronald Grigor Suny,The Soviet Experiment:Russia,the USSR,and the Successor States(New York:Oxford University Press,1998),pp.462-63.

40.Gorbachev,Memoirs,pp.572-73.

41.Suny,The Soviet Experiment,pp.478-79.

42.Chernyaev,My Six Years with Gorbachev,p.201.

43.Bush and Scowcroft,A World Transformed,pp.141-43.此外参见Michael R.Beschloss and Strobe Talbott,At the Highest Levels:The Inside Story of the End of the Cold War(Boston:Little,Brown,1993),pp.103-4.

44.Bush and Scowcroft,A World Transformed,pp.498,500.

45.Chernyaev,My Six Years with Gorbachev,pp.360-63;Bush and Scowcroft,A World Transformed,pp.513-14.

46.Beschloss and Talbott,At the Highest Levels,pp.417-18.

47.Chernyaev,My Six Years with Gorbachev,p.369.

48.Suny,The Soviet Experiment,pp.480-82.戈尔巴乔夫的记述在他的Memoirs,pp.626-45.

49.Suny,The Soviet Experiment,pp.483-84;Bush and Scowcroft,A World Transformed,pp.554-55.

50.Oberdorfer,From the Cold War to a New Era,pp.471-72.

51.Gorbachev,Memoirs,p.xxxviii.