第六章 演员

1.他在很多情况下说过此话,特别参见George Weigel,Witness to Hope:The Biography of Pope John Paul II,1920-2005(New York:Harper,2005),pp.10,14,262.

2.Richard Baum,Burying Mao:Chinese Politics in the Age of Deng Xiaoping(Princeton:Princeton University Press,1994),p.47.

3.Mikhail Gorbachev,Memoirs(New York:Doubleday,1995),p.165.

4.可以参见Kenneth N.Waltz,Theory of International Politics(New York:Random House,1979),pp.161-83.

5.John Lewis Gaddis,The Long Peace:Inquires into the History of the Cold War(New York:Oxford University Press,1987),especially pp.215-45.

6.John Lewis Gaddis,The Long Peace:Inquires into the History of the Cold War(New York:Oxford University Press,1987),especially,pp.195-214,237-43.

7.1976年2月3日在旧金山,基辛格对联邦俱乐部(Commonwealth Club)和“北加利福尼亚世界事务理事会”(World Affairs Council of Northern California)的演说,参见Henry A.Kissinger,American Foreign Policy,third edition(New York:Norton,1977),p.305.

8.Tony Smith,America’s Mission:The United States and the Worldwide Struggle for Democracy in the Twentieth Century(Princeton:Princeton University Press,1994),especially pp.146-236.

9.Robert D.English,Russia and the Idea of the West:Gorbachev,Intellectuals,and the End of the Cold War(New York:Columbia University Press,2000),本书记录了苏联内部的这种倾向。

10.关于这种现象,参见David Reynolds,One World Divisible:A Global History Since 1945(New York:Norton,2000),pp.498-506.

11.更多细节,参见John Lewis Gaddis,Strategies of Containment:A Critical Appraisal of American National Security Policy During the Cold War,revised and updated edition(New York:Oxford University Press,2005),pp.322-25;以及Gaddis,The Long Peace,p.208.

12.Raymond L.Garthoff,Détente and Confrontation:American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan,revised edition(Washington:Brookings Institution,1994),pp.146-223,本书提供了关于第一轮战略武器限制谈判的历史细节。

13.Henry Kissinger,Years of Upheaval(Boston:Little,Brown,1982),p.265.关于杰克逊决议案,参见McGeorge Bundy,Danger and Survival:Choices About the Bomb in the First Fifty Years(New York:Random House,1988),pp.553-56.

14.Garthoff,Détente and Confrontation,pp.494-505,596-600.

15.Gaddis Smith,Morality,Reason,and Power:American Diplomacy in the Carter Years(New York:Hill and Wang,1986),pp.30-31,67-77;Zbigniew Brzezinski,Power and Principle:Memoirs of the National Security Adviser,1977-1981(New York:Farrar,Straus,Giroux,1983),p.157;Jimmy Carter,Keeping Faith:Memoirs of a President(New York:Bantam,1982),pp.215,219.

16.Georgi Arbatov,The System:An Insider’s Life in Soviet Politics(New York:Random House,1992),pp.191-92.

17.David Holloway,The Soviet Union and the Arms Race(New Haven:Yale University Press,1983),pp.49-55.

18.Arbatov,The System,pp.205-6;Anatoly Dobrynin,In Confidence:Moscow’s Ambassador to America’s Six Cold War Presidents(1962-1986)(New York:Random House,1995),pp.251-52.

19.Garthoff,Détente and Confrontation,p.88on.

20.Garthoff,Détente and Confrontation,pp.913-57.

21.Department of State Bulletin,66(June 26,1972),898-99.

22.Leonid Brezhnev,On the Policy of the Soviet Union and the International Situation(Garden City,New York:Doubleday,1973),pp.230-31.此外参见Dobrynin,In Confidence,pp.251-52.

23.Henry Kissinger,White House Years(Boston:Little,Brown,1979),p.1250.

24.Anwar el-Sadat,In Search of Identity:An Autobiography(New York:Harper &Row,1977),p.229;Kissinger,Years of Upheaval,p.637.

25.Anwar el-Sadat,In Search of Identity:An Autobiography(New York:Harper &Row,1977),p.229;Kissinger,Years of Upheaval,p.638.此外参见William B.Quandt,Camp David:Peacemaking and Politics(Washington:Brookings Institution,1986).通过指导两份耶鲁大学历史系本科生毕业论文,我读到了很多关于萨达特的策略以及基辛格对此深感敬佩的论述,参见Christopher W.Wells,“Kissinger and Sadat:Improbable Partners for Peace”(2004),以及Anne Lesley Rosenzweig,“Sadat’s Strategic Decision Making:Lessons of Egyptian Foreign Policy,1970-1981”(2005).

26.Kissinger,Years of Upheaval,p.594;also p.600.

27.Dobrynin,In Confidence,p.301.

28.Dobrynin,In Confidence,pp.404-5.此外参见Ilya V.Gaiduk,The Soviet Union and the Vietnam War(Chicago:Ivan R.Dee,1996),especially pp.246-50;Piero Gleijeses,Conflicting Missions:Havana,Washington,and Africa,1959-1976(Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,2002),pp.365-72;and Odd Arne Westad,“The Fall of Détente and the Turing Tides of History,”in Westad,ed.,The Fall of Détente:Soviet-American Relations during the Carter Years(Olso:Scandinavian University Press,1997),pp.11-12.

29.Dobrynin,In Confidence,pp.263,405.

30.Arbatov,The System,p.195.

31.Dobrynin,In Confidence,p.407.

32.Odd Arne Westad,“The Road to Kabul:Soviet Policy on Afghanistan,1978-1979,”in Westad,ed.,The Fall of Détente,pp.119-25.

33.Transcript,Kosygin-Taraki telephone conversation,March 17 or 18,1979,CWIHP Bulletin,#8-9(Winter,1996/1997),p.145.

34.Transcript,Kosygin-Taraki meeting,Moscow,March 29,1979,CWIHP Bulletin,#8-9(Winter,1996/1997),p.147.

35.引自Westad,“The Road to Kabul,”p.132.

36.引自Westad,“The Road to Kabul,”pp.133-42;Dobrynin,In Confidence,pp.439-40.

37.Carter address to Congress,January 23,1980,Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States:Jimmy Carter,1980-81(Washington:Government Printing Office,1982),p.197;Minutes,Politburo meeting,January 17,1980,in Westad,ed.,The Fall of Détente,p.321.此外参见John Lewis Gaddis,Russia,the Soviet Union,and the United States:An Interpretive History,second edition(New York:McGraw-Hill,1990),pp.295-98,310-12.

38.Gaddis,Strategies of Containment,pp.318-27;Aaron L.Friedberg,In the Shadow of the Garrison State:America’s Anti-Statism and Its Cold War Grand Strategy(Princeton:Princeton University Press,2000),pp.82-84.

39.Kissinger,White House Years,p.62,省略号委员为所加.此外参见John Lewis Gaddis,“Rescuing Choice from Circumstance:The Statecraft of Henry Kissinger,”in Gordon A.Craig and Francis L.Loewenheim,eds.,The Diplomats:1939-1979(Princeton:Princeton University Press,1994),pp.568-70.

40.M.E.Sarotte,Dealing with the Devil:East Germany,Détente,and Ostpolitik,1969-1973(Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,2001),pp.44-54.引言在第46页。

41.Matthew J.Ouimet,The Rise and Fall of the Brezhnev Doctrine in Soviet Foreign Policy(Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,2003),pp.100-107.

42.Matthew J.Ouimet,The Rise and Fall of the Brezhnev Doctrine in Soviet Foreign Policy(Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,2003),pp.87-88.

43.1977年,美国将国内生产总值(19840亿美元)的4.9%用于国防开支。苏联的数据不那么准确,对1977年数字的合理估计是将3400亿美元国内生产总值的15-17%用于国防。[Friedberg,In the Shadow of the Garrison State,p.82n;Gaddis,Strategies of Containment,p.393;International Institute for Strategic Studies,The Military Balance,1979-1980(London:IISS,1979),p.9.]

44.Arbatov,The System,p.206.

45.Baum,Burying Mao,pp.11,56-65;Richard Evans,Deng Xiaoping and the Making of Modern China(New York:Penguin,1997),pp.184-89,212-43.关于毛泽东的引述,参见Li Zhisui,The Private Life of Chairman Mao:The Memoirs of Mao’s Personal Physician,translated by Tai Hung-chao(New York:Random House,1994),p.577.我还从阅读这本论文中获益Bryan Wong,“The Grand Strategy of Deng Xiaoping,”International Studies Senior Essay,Yale University,2005.

46.“The‘Two Whatevers’Do Not Accord with Marxism,”March 24,1977,http://English.people.com.cn/dengxp/vol2/b1100.html.

47.相关研究,参见Baum,Burying Mao,p.391.

48.Mikhail Gorbachev and Zdeněk 第六章 演员 - 图1Conversations with Gorbachev:On Perestroika,The Prague Spring,and the Crossroads of Socialism,translated by George Schriver(New York:Columbia University Press,2002),p.189.

49.William I.Hitchcock,The Struggle for Europe:The Turbulent History of a Divided Continent,1945-2002(New York:Doubleday,2002),pp.328-32.引言来自Margaret Thatcher,The Downing Street Years(New York:HarperCollins,1993),p.7.

50.William I.Hitchcock,The Struggle for Europe:The Turbulent History of a Divided Continent,1945-2002(New York:Doubleday,2002),pp.328-32.引言来自Margaret Thatcher,The Downing Street Years(New York:HarperCollins,1993),pp.86-87.

51.1979年5月29日的电台广播,in Kiron K.Skinner,Annelise Anderson,and Martin Anderson,eds.,Reagan,In His Own Hand(New York:Free Press,2001),p.47.

52.1978年8月7日的电台广播,in Kiron K.Skinner,Annelise Anderson,and Martin Anderson,eds.,Reagan,In His Own Hand(New York:Free Press,2001),p.15.

53.关于这一部分,更多参见Gaddis,Strategies of Containment,pp.349-53.

54.1975年5月的电台广播,in Skinner,et al.,eds.,Reagan,In His Own Hand,p.12.

55.援引自Paul Lettow,Ronald Reagan and His Quest to Abolish Nuclear Weapons(New York:Random House,2005),p.30.

56.1977年3月23日的电台广播,in Skinner,et al.,eds.,Reagan,In His Own Hand,p.118.

57.Timothy Garton Ash,The Polish Revolution:Solidarity(London:Granta,1991),pp.41-72.此外参见Weigel,Witness to Hope,p.402.

58.Timothy Garton Ash,The Polish Revolution:Solidarity(London:Granta,1991),pp.397-98,422-24;Ouimet,The Rise and Fall of the Brezhnev Doctrine,pp.120-22.

59.Timothy Garton Ash,The Polish Revolution:Solidarity(London:Granta,1991),pp.397-98,422-24;Ouimet,The Rise and Fall of the Brezhnev Doctrine,pp.187,189.

60.Timothy Garton Ash,The Polish Revolution:Solidarity(London:Granta,1991),pp.397-98,422-24;Ouimet,The Rise and Fall of the Brezhnev Doctrine,pp.199-202.See also pp.95-96.

61.Timothy Garton Ash,The Polish Revolution:Solidarity(London:Granta,1991),pp.397-98,422-24;Ouimet,The Rise and Fall of the Brezhnev Doctrine,pp.234-35.更多关于苏联不予干涉的决定,参见两篇文章Mark Kramer,“Poland,1980-81,Soviet Policy During the Polish Crisis,”CWIHP Bulletin,#5(Spring,1995),pp.1,116-23,以及“Jaruzelski,the Soviet Union,and the Imposition of Marital Law in Poland,ibid.,#11(Winger,1998),5-14.

62.CNN Cold War第19章“冰冻”(“Freeze”)电视节目的采访。

63.在随后的两个部分,我采用了Gaddis,Strategies of Containment一书中的一些论点,参见第353-79页。

64.1981年5月17日在圣母大学的演说,参见Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States:Ronald Reagan,1981(Washington:Government Printing Office,1982),p.434.

65.1982年6月8日对英国议会的演说,Regan Public Papers,1982,pp.744-47.关于这次演说的起草,参见Richard Pipes,Vixi:Memoirs of a Non-Belonger(New Haven:Yale University Press,2003),pp.197-200.

66.1983年3月8日在佛罗里达奥兰多对全国福音派协会(National Association of Evangelicals)的演说,Regan Public Papers,1983,p.364;Ronald Reagan,An American Life(New York:Simon and Schuster,1990),pp.569-70.

67.这些数据引自Gaddis,Strategies of Containment,pp.393-94.

68.Lettow,Ronald Reagan,p.23;Reagan,An American Life,p.13.

69.1983年3月23日电台—电视演说,Regan Public Papers,1983,p.442-43.

70.1983年3月23日电台—电视演说,Regan Public Papers,1983,p.364.Lettow,Ronald Reagan,提供了最好的关于里根废除核武器思想的论述。

71.Dobrynin,In Confidence,p.528.

72.Dobrynin,In Confidence,p.523.

73.Christopher Andrew and Oleg Gordievsky,KGB:The Inside Story of Its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev(New York:HarperCollins,1990),pp.583-99.

74.Raymond Garthoff,The Great Transition:American-Soviet Relations and the End of the Cold War(Washington:Brookings Institution,1994),pp.118-31.

75.Raymond Garthoff,The Great Transition:American-Soviet Relations and the End of the Cold War(Washington:Brookings Institution,1994),pp.138-41;Don Oberdorfer,From the Cod War to a New Era:The United States and the Soviet Union,1983-1991,updated edition(Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1998),pp.65-68.

76.1984年1月16日电台—电视演说,Regan Public Papers,1984,p.45.此外参见Oberdorfer,From the Cold War to a New Era,pp.72-73.关于白宫职员的故事,我是分别从两个不同的比较可靠的来源听说的。

77.Reagan,An American Life,p.611.

78.Gorbachev,Memoirs,p.165.

79.George Bush and Brent Scowcroft,A World Transformed(New York:Knopf,1998),p.4;George P.Shultz,Turmoil and Triumph:My Years as Secretary of State(New York:Scribner’s,1993),pp.532-33;Reagan,An American Life,p.635.

80.1986年1月16日切尔亚耶夫(Anatoly Chernyaev)的日记,in Anatoly S.Chernyaev,My Six Years with Gorbachev,translated and edited by Robert D.English and Elizabeth Tucker(University Park,Pennsylvania:Pennsylvania State University Press,2000),p.46;Mikhail Gorbachev,Perestroika:New Thinking for Our Country and the World(New York:Harper&Row,1987),pp.69-70.

81.关于这部电影,更多参见http://www.imdb.com/title/ttoo86637/.

82.Lettow,Ronald Reagan,pp.179-86.

83.1986年1月16日切尔亚耶夫(Anatoly Chernyaev)的日记,in Chernyaev,My Six Years with Gorbachev,pp.45-46.

84.参见Gaddis,Strategies of Containment,p.359.

85.Gorbachev,Memoirs,pp.191,193.

86.Lettow,Ronald Reagan,pp.217-26;Gaddis,Strategies of Containment,p.366n.

87.Gorbachev,Memoirs,p.419.

88.1987年12月8日在签署《美苏消除两国中程和中短程核武器条约》(the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty)时的评论,Reagan Public Papers,1987,p.1208.

89.参见切尔亚耶夫对1989年12月3日布什与戈尔巴乔夫在马耳他会谈的记录,CWIHP Bulletin,#12/13(Fall/Winter,2001),p.236.通过几人转手,我还得到了SS-20导弹的一个碎片。

90.Gorbachev,Memoirs,pp.102-3.

91.Shultz,Turmoil and Triumph,p.591;Oberdorfer,From the Cold War to a New Era,pp.133,223-24,288.

92.Gorbachev,Perestroika,p.85.此外还可见p.138-39.

93.1988年5月31日里根在莫斯科国立大学的演说,Reagan Public Papers,1988,p.684.此外参见Oberdorfer,From the Cold War to a New Era,pp.299-300.

94.1989年12月2日切尔亚耶夫对布什与戈尔巴乔夫在马耳他会谈的笔记,CWIHP Bulletin,#12/13(Fall/Winter,2001),p.233.

95.1988年12月27-28日政治局会议记录,CWIHP Bulletin,#12/13(Fall/Winter,2001),p.25;切尔亚耶夫1989年5月日记,in Chernyaev,My Six Years with Gorbachev,p.225.

96.Gorbachev and 第六章 演员 - 图2Conversations with Gorbachev,p.160.

97.Reagan,An American Life,p.683.更多关于“里根主义”的论述,参见:Gaddis,Strategies of Containment,pp.369-73.

98.Gorbachev,Memoirs,p.465.此外参见Garthoff,The Great Transition,pp.315-18.

99.Gorbachev,Perestroika,pp.138,221.

100.Joseph Rothschild,引自Gale Stokes,The Walls Game Tumbling Down:The Collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe(New York:Oxford University Press,1993),p.76.

101.Joseph Rothschild,引自Gale Stokes,The Walls Game Tumbling Down:The Collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe(New York:Oxford University Press,1993),p.99.此外参见pp.73-75.

102.1988年12月27-28日政治局会议记录,CWIHP Bulletin,#12/13(Fall/Winter,2001),p.24.