第一章 恐惧的回归

1.Interviews,CNN Cold War,Episode I,“Comrades,1917-1945”.

2.Alexander Werth,Russia at War:1941-1945(New York:E.P.Dutton,1964),p.1045.英美伤亡数字来自Britannica Online.苏联伤亡数字来自Vladimir O.Pechatnov and C.Earl Edmondson,“The Russian Perspective,”in Ralph B.Levering,Vladimir O.Pechatnov,Verena Botzenhart-Viehe,and C.Earl Edmondson,Debating the Origins of the Cold War:American and Russian Perspectives(New York:Rowman& Littlefield,2002),p.86

3.Warren F.Kimball,TheJuggler:Franklin Roosevelt as Wartime Statesman(Princeton:Princeton University Press,1991),pp.97-99.

4.George F.Kennan,Memoirs:1925-1950(Boston:Atlantic-Little,Brown,1967),p.279.

5.有关这个问题,见AlanBullock,Hitler and Stalin:Parallel Lives(New York:Knopf,1992),p.464.

6.Pechatnov and Edmondson,“The Russian Perspective,”p.92.

7.Geoffrey Roberts,“Stalin and Soviet Foreign Policy,”in Melvyn P.Leffler and David S.Painter,eds.,Origins of the Cold War:An International History,second edition(New York:Routledge,2005),pp.42-57.

8.Geoffrey Roberts,“Stalin and Soviet Foreign Policy,”in Melvyn P.Leffler and David S.Painter,eds.,Origins of the Cold War:An International History,second edition(New York:Routledge,2005),p.51.

9.John Lewis Gaddis,The United States and the Origins of the Cold War,1941-1947(New York:Columbia University Press,1972),p.190.

10.Joseph Stalin,Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR(Moscow:Foreign Languages Publishing House,1952),excerpted in Robert V.Daniels,ed.,A Documentary History of Communism,revised edition(Hanover,New Hampshire:University Press of New England,1984),II,172.

11.Record of Stalin-Thorez conversation,November 18,1947,in Levering,et al.,Debating the Origins of the Cold War,p.174.

12.潘恩的话来自他于1776年写的书《常识》(Common Sense),节录于Dennis Merrill and Thomas G.Paterson,eds.,Major Problems in American Foreign Policy,sixth edition(New York:Houghton Mifflin,2005),I,34.

13.John Quincy Adams speech,July 4,1821,in ibid,I,132.

14.Address to Congress,April 2,1917,in ibid,I,431.

15.Robert Dallek,Franklin D.Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy,1932-1945(New York:Oxford University Press,1979),p.70.

16.Speech to the International Student Assembly,September 3,1942,in Samuel I.Rosenman,ed.,The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D.Roosevelt(New York:Random House,1941-50),XI,353.

17.Roy Jenkins,Churchill:A Biography(New York:Farrar,Straus and Giroux,2001),pp.350-51.

18.Vojtech Mastny,Russia’s Road to the Cold War:Diplomacy,Warfare,and the Politics of Communism,1941-1945(New York:Columbia University Press,1979),pp.156-62.

19.Nikolai Novikov to Soviet foreign ministry,September 27,1946,in Kenneth M.Jensen,ed.,Origins of the Cold War:The Novikov,Kennan,and Roberts“Long Telegrams”of 1946,revised edition(Washington:United States Institute of Peace,1993),pp.3-4.

20.Mastny,Russia’s Road to the Cold War,p.270.关于斯大林-丘吉尔协议的问题,见Kimball,The Juggler,pp.160-64.

21.Pechatnov and Edmondson,“The Russian Perspective,”p.98.

22.W.Averell Harriman and Elie Abel,Special Envoy to Churchill and Stalin,1941-1946(New York:Random House,1975),p.444.

23.Pechatnov and Edmondson,“The Russian Perspective,”p.109.

24.Norman M.Naimark,The Russians in Germany:A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation,1945-1949(Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1995),pp.69-140.

25.Tsuyoshi Hasagawa,Racing the Enemy:Stalin,Truman,and the Surrender of Japan(Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,2005)对这个问题作了最详尽的讨论。

26.关于“戴维·格林哥拉斯—朱丽叶斯·罗森堡案”和“克劳斯·福克斯案”的详细论述,见Richard Rhodes,Dark Sun:The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb(New York:Simon and Schuster,1995),pp.27-198.关于第三个间谍案,即泰德·霍尔案的简略描述,见Kai Bird and Martin J.Sherwin,American Prometheus:The Triumph and Tragedy of J.Robert Oppenheimer(New York:Knopf,2005),pp.286-87,and in an interview with Hall in CNN Cold War,Episode 21,“Spies.”

27.Simon Sebag Montefiore,Stalin:The Court of the Red Tsar(New York:Knopf,2004),p.502.

28.Simon Sebag Montefiore,Stalin:The Court of the Red Tsar(New York:Knopf,2004),p.502.

29.Stalin to Molotov,Beria,Mikoyan,and Malenkov,December 9,1945,in Levering,et al.,Debating the Origins of the Cold War,p.155.

30.关于这个问题的进一步论述,见Robert Jervis,Perception and Misperception in International Politics(Princeton:Princeton University Press,1976),pp.62-67.

31.Albert Resis,ed.,Molotov Remembers:Inside Kremlin Politics:Conversations with Felix Chuev(Chicago:Ivan R.Dec,1993),p.8.

32.Albert Resis,ed.,Molotov Remembers:Inside Kremlin Politics:Conversations with Felix Chuev(Chicago:Ivan R.Dec,1993),p.8.

33.For more on these crises,see FernandeScheidRaine,“The Iranian Crisis of 1946 and the Origins of the Cold War”,in Leffler and Painter,eds.,Origins of the Cold War,pp.93-111;and Eduard Mark,“The Turkish War Scare of 1946,”in ibid,pp.112-33.

34.Kennan,Memoirs:1925-1950,pp.292-95.

35.Kennan to State Department,February 22,1946,U.S.Department of State,Foreign Relations of the United States[hereafter FRUS]:1946,VI,699-700;“X”[George F.Kennan],“The Sources of Soviet Conduct,”Foreign Affairs,25(July,1947),575,emphasis added.

36.Pechatnov and Edmondson,“The Russian Perspective,”p.116.

37.Novikov to Soviet Foreign Ministry,September 27,1946,in Jensen,ed.,Origins of the Cold War:The Novikov,Kennan,and Roberts“Long Telegrams”of 1946,pp.3-16.

38.Viktor L.Mal’kov,“Commentary,”in ibid,p.75.

39.Charles E.Bohlen,Witness to History:1929-1969(New York:Norton,1973),p.263.

40.Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States:Harry S.Truman,1947(Washington:Government Printing Office,1963),pp.178-79.

41.Yoram Gorlizki and Oleg Khlevniuk,Cold Peace:Stalin and the Soviet Ruling Circle,1945-1953(New York:Oxford University Press,2004),pp.35-36.

42.Kennan,Memoirs:1925-1950,p.326.

43.John Lewis Gaddis,We Now Know:Rethinking Cold War History(New York:Oxford University Press,1997),pp.41-42.

44.Montefiore,Stalin,p.569.

45.John A.Armitage,“The View from Czechoslovakia,”in Thomas T.Hammond,ed.,Witnesses to the Origins of the Cold War(Seattle:University of Washington Press,1982),pp.225-26.

46.Nikita S.Khrushchev,Khrushchev Remembers,translated and edited by Strobe Talbott(New York:Little,Brown,1970),p.411n.

47.John Lewis Gaddis,The Long Peace:Inquiries into the History of the Cold War(New York:Oxford University Press,1987),pp.158-59.

48.Pechatnow and Edmondson:“The Russian Perspective,”p.139.

49.James V.Forrestal to Chan Gurney,December 8,1947,in Walter Millis,ed.,The Forrestal Diaries(New York:Viking,1951),pp.350-51.

50.Gaddis,The Long Peace,pp.111-12.

51.PPS/39,“United States Policy Toward China,”September 7,1948,FRUS:1948,VIII,148.

52.James Chace,Acheson:The Secretary of State Who Created the Modern World(New York:Simon & Schuster,1998),p.217.

53.Chen Jian,Mao’s China and the Cold War(Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,2001),p.50.

54.Gaddis,We Now Know,pp.58-66.

55.Marc Selverstone,“‘All Roads Lead to Moscow’:The United States,Great Britain,and the Communist Monolith,”Ph.D.Dissertation,Ohio University History Department,2000,p.380.

56.Gaddis,We Now Know,pp.66-67.

57.Gaddis,We Now Know,p.94.

58.David M.Oshinsky,A Conspiracy So Immense:The World of Joe McCarthy(New York:Free Press,1983),pp.108-9.

59.Gaddis,The Long Peace,p.96.

60.Kathryn Weathersby,“Stalin and the Korean War,”in Leffler and Painter,eds.,Origins of the Cold War,pp.274-75.

61.Gaddis,We Now Know,pp.66-70,158-61.

62.Gaddis,The Long Peace,p.97.

63.Montefiore,Stalin,p.608.

64.Chen Jian,China’s Road to the Korean War:The Making of the Sino-American Confrontation(New York:Columbia University Press,1994),p.143.See also ShuGuang Zhang,Mao’s Military Romanticism:China and the Korean War,1950-1953(Lawrence:University Press of Kansas,1995),pp.55-86.

65.Gaddis,We Now Know,pp.79-80.

66.Interview with Lt.Col.Charles Bussey,U.S.Army 24th Infantry Regiment,CNN Cold War,Episode 5,“Korea.”

67.Zhang,Mao’s Military Romanticism,p.78.

68.D.Clayton James,The Years of MacArthur:Triumph and Disaster,1945-1964(Boston:Houghton Mifflin,1985),p.536.

69.Kennan,Memoirs:1925-1950,p.319.

70.Michael Shelden,Orwell:The Authorized Biography(New York:Harper Collins,1991),p.430.

71.“International Control of Atomic Energy,”January 20,1950,in Thomas H.Etzold and John Lewis Gaddis,eds.,Containment:Documents on American Policy and Strategy,1945-1950(New York:Columbia University Press,1978),p.380.The passage is from Troilus and Cressida.