第三章 指令社会抗衡自发社会
1.Benjamin Disraeli,Sybil;or,The Two Nations(New York:Oxford University Press,1991;first published in 1845),pp.65-66.
2.Bohlen memorandum August 30,1947,FRUS:1947,I,763-64.
3.William Taubman,Khrushchev:The Man and His Era(New York:Norton,2003),pp.427,511.
4.Michael R.Beschloss,The Crisis Years:Kennedy and Khrushchev,1960-1963(New York:HarperCollins,1991),pp.224-25,227.
5.Disraeli,Sybil,p.115.
6.这两个引语都出自Tony Smith,Thinking Like a Communist;State and Legitimacy in the Soviet Union,China,and Cuba(New York:Norton,1987),pp.23,48.
7.我在这段和下面几段论述中所作的分析受了Arno J.Mayer in his book Wilson Vs.Lenin:Political Origins of the New Diplomacy,1917-1918(New Haven:Yale University Press,1959)观点的影响。
8.有关威尔逊在1919年谈判《凡尔赛条约》时所作的妥协的最新和最令人满意的解释,参见Margaret Macmillan,Paris 1919:Six Months That Changed the World(New York:Random House,2001).
9.Edward Hallett Carr,The Twenty Years’Crisis,1919-1939:An Introduction to the Study of International Relations(London:Macmillan,1940),pp.37-38.有关卡尔那段话的时代背景的分析,参见Jonathan Haslam,No Virtue Like Necessity:Realist Thought in International Relations since Machiavelli(New Haven:Yale University Press,2002),pp.187-88.
10.KrystynaKersten,The Establishment of Communist Rule in Poland,1943-1948,translated by John Micgiel and Michael H.Barnhart(Berkeley:University of California Press,1991)为这个观点提供了证据。
11.Reinhold Niebuhr,“Russia and the West,”The Nation,156(January 16,1943),83.See also Richard Wightman Fox,Reinhold Niebuhr:A Biography(New York:Pantheon,1985),p.227.
12.The Memoirs of Cordell Hull(New York:Macmillan,1948),II,1681.
13.John Lewis Gaddis,Strategies of Containment:A Critical Appraisal of American National Security Policy During the Cold War,revised and updated edition(New York:Oxford University Press,2005),p.3.
14.See Harold James and Marzenna James,“The Origins of the Cold War:Some New Documents,”Historical Journal,37(September,1994),615-22.
15.关于1946年2月9日斯大林作的有关“选择”的演讲,参见Vital Speeches,12(March 1,1946),300-304.
16.Jussi M.Hanhimki and Odd ArncWestad,eds.,The Cold War:A History in Documents and Eyewitness Accounts(New York:Oxford University Press,2003),p.48.关于丘吉尔演讲的背景分析,参见Martin Gilbert,“Never Despair”:Winston S.Churchill,1945-1965(London:Heineman,1988),pp.180-206.
17.Joseph M.Jones t Dean Acheson,May 20,1947,FRUS:1947,III,229.
18.John Lewis Gaddis,The Long Peace:Inquiries into the History of the Cold War(New York:Oxford University Press,1987),p.154.
19.Disraeli,Sybil,p.246.
20.Bohlen memorandum,August 30,1947,FRUS:1947,I,764.
21.关于苏联采用恐怖手段的众多案例,参见Richard Pipes,ed.,The Unknown Lenin:From the Secret Archive(New Haven:Yale University Press,1996).
22.Ronald Grigor Sunny,The Soviet Experiment:Russia,the USSR,and the Successor States(New York:Oxford University Press,1998),pp.226,228,266.
23.Catherine Merridale,Night of Stone:Death and Memory in Russia(London:Granta,2000),pp.196-205.
24.See above,p.24.
25.William I.Hitchcock,The Struggle for Europe:The Turbulent History of a Divided Continent 1945-2002(New York:Doubleday,2002),p.105.
26.Vladimir O.Pechatnov and C.Earl Edmondson,“The Russian Perspective,”in Ralph B.Levering,et al.,eds.,Debating the Origins of the Cold War:American and Russian Perspective(New York:Rowman& Littlefield,2002),p.100.
27.Suny,The Soviet Experiment,p.376.
28.Anne Applebaum,Gulag:A History(New York:Doubleday,2003),pp.xvi,92.关于斯大林执政最后几年的描述,参见Yoram Gorlizki and Oleg Khlevniuk,Cold Peace:Stalin and the Soviet Ruling Circle,1945-1953(New York:Oxford University Press,2004);and Simon Sebag Montefiore,Stalin:The Court of the Red Tsar(New York:Knopf,2004),pp.585-650.
29.Karl Marx,“Manifesto of the Communist Party,”in Robert C.Tucker,ed.,The Marx-Engels Reader,Second edition(New York:Norton,1978),p.500.
30.对于凯南思想的进一步分析,参见Gaddis,Strategies of Containment,pp.30-31.
31.Montefiore,Stalin,p.614.
32.Jonathan Brent and Vladimir P.Naumov,Stalin’s Last Crime:The Plot Against the Jewish Doctors,1948-1953(New York:HarperCollins,2003),pp.312-22.
33.Amy Knight,Beria:Stalin’s First Lieutenant(Princeton:Princeton University Press,1993),pp.186-91.
34.John Lewis Gaddis,We Now Know:Rethinking Cold War History(New York:Oxford University Press,1997),pp.125-29.
35.有关这一问题的最好论述,参见Christian Ostermann,ed.,Uprising in East Germany,1953(Budapest:Central European University Press,2001).
36.有关逮捕贝利亚及其影响的论述,参见Knight,Beria,pp.191-224;also Hope M.Harrison,Driving the Soviets Up the Wall:Soviet-East German Relations,1953-1961(Princeton:Princeton University Press,2003),pp.12-48.
37.Taubman,Khrushchev,p.274.
38.Dulles speech to Kiwanis International,June 21,1956,Department of State Bulletin,35(July 2,1956),4.
39.Taubman,Khrushchev,p.290.
40.Andras Hegedus interview,CNN Cold War,Episode 7,“After Stalin.”
41.Taubman,Khrushchev,p.301.
42.Interview,PBS/BBC Messengers from Moscow,Episode 2,“East.”
43.See Gaddis,We Now Know,pp.66-68.
44.Li Zhisui,The Private Life of Chairman Mao:The Memoirs of Mao’s Personal Physician,translated by Tai Hung-chao(New York:Random House,1994),p.115.
45.Gaddis,We Now Know,pp.214.
46.这个数据来自Jasper Becker,Hungry Ghosts:Mao’s Secret Famine(New York:Free Press,1996),pp.266-74.
47.Stefan Heym interview,CNN Cold War,Episode 9,“The Wall.”
48.1953年7月2日马林科夫在苏共中央全会的讲话被收录在Ostermann,ed.,Uprising in East Germany,1953,p.158.
49.Harrison,Driving the Soviets Up the Wall,pp.72,99-100.
50.Harrison,Driving the Soviets Up the Wall,,p.124.
51.David Reynolds,One World Divisible:A Global History Since 1945(New York:Norton,2000),p.134.
52.Harrison,Driving the Soviets Up the Wall,pp.178-79.
53.Harrison,Driving the Soviets Up the Wall,pp.20-21,169,186.
54.Beschloss,The Crisis Years,p.278.
55.Kennedy Berlin speech,June 26,1963,Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States:John F.Kennedy,1963(Washington:Government Printing Office,1964),pp.524-25.
56.Eric Hobsbawm,The Age of Extremes:A History of the World,1914-1991(New York:Pantheon Books,1994),pp.257-67.
57.Eric Hobsbawm,The Age of Extremes:A History of the World,1914-1991(New York:Pantheon Books,1994),pp.268-71.
58.Eric Hobsbawm,The Age of Extremes:A History of the World,1914-1991(New York:Pantheon Books,1994),p.250.
59.StéphaneCourtois,“Introduction:The Crimes of Communism,”in Courtois,et al.,The Black Book of Communism:Crimes,Terror,Repression,translated by Jonathan Murphy and Mark Kramer(Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1999),p.4.
