第五章 公正的恢复

1.Niccolò Machiavelli,The Prince,translated by Harvey C.Mansfield,second edition(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1998),p.61.

2.Anatoly Dobrynin,In Confidence:Moscow’s Ambassador to America’s Six Cold War Presidents(1962-1986)(New York:Random House,1995),p.316.

3.Richard M.Nixon,RN:The Memoirs of Richard Nixon(New York:Grosset and Dunlap,1978),p.1018.

4.1977年5月19日对David Frost的采访,http://www.landmarkcases.org/nixon/nixonview.html.

5.关于“水门事件”的简要历史,参见Keith W.Olson,Watergate:The Presidential Scandal that Shook America(Lawrence:University Press of Kansas,2003).

6.“Idea for a Universal History with a Cosmopolitan Purpose,”in Hans Reiss,ed.,Kant:Political Writings,translated by H.B.Nisbet,second edition(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1991),p.45.

7.Adam Roberts,“Order/Justice Issues at the United Nations,”in Rosemary Foot,John Lewis Gaddis,and Andrew Hurrell,eds.,Order and Justice in International Relations(New York:Oxford University Press,2003),p.53.在后面一些段落的写作中,我还受益于阅读我的同事保罗·肯尼迪(Paul Kennedy)即将出版的新书The Parliament of Man:The Past,Present,and Future of the United Nations

8.Alonzo L.Hamby,Man of the People:A Life of Harry S.Truman(New York:Oxford University Press,1995),p.13.

9.Kennan to Dean Acheson,November 14,1949,FRUS:1949,II,19.

10.JCS 1769/1,“United States Assistance to Other Countries from the Standpoint of National Security,”April 29,1947,FRUS:1947,I,748.

11.Roberts,“Order/Justice Issues at the United Nations,”pp.62-63.

12.在这一部分和下一部分,我引用了我在The United States and the End of the Cold War:Implications,Reconsiderations,Provocations(New York:Oxford University Press,1992),pp.48-60.一书中提出的一些论点。

13.“X”[George F.Kennan],“The Sources of Soviet Conduct,”Foreign Affairs,25(July,1947),582.

14.Arnold Wolfers,引自:Wilson D.Miscamble,C.S.C.,George F.Kennan and the Making of American Foreign Policy,1947-1950(Princeton:Princeton University Press,1992),p.104.

15.Sallie Pisani,The CIA and the Marshall Plan(Lawrence:University Press of Kansas,1991),p.70.此外参见:Miscamble,Kennan and the and the Making of American Foreign Policy,pp.106-11;以及James Edward Miller,The United States and Italy,1940-1950:The Politics and Diplomacy of Stabilization(Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,1986),pp.243-49.

16.NSC 10/2,“National Security Council Directive on Office of Special Projects,”June 18,1948,FRUS:1945-1950:Emergence of the Intelligence Establishment(Washington:Government Printing Office,1996),p.714.

17.“Memorandum of Conversation and Understanding,”drafted by Frank G.Wisner and approved by Kennan,August 6,ibid.,p.720.

18.Anne Karalekas,“History of the Central Intelligence Agency,”in U.S.Congress,Senate,Select Committee to Study Government Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities,Final Report:Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports on Foreign and Military Intelligence:Book IV(Washington:Government Printing Office,1976),p.31.

19.Anne Karalekas,“History of the Central Intelligence Agency,”in U.S.Congress,Senate,Select Committee to Study Government Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities,Final Report:Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports on Foreign and Military Intelligence:Book IV(Washington:Government Printing Office,1976),pp.31-32.

20.关于中央情报局这些行动的详细描述,参见:John Ranelagh,The Agency:The Rise and Decline of the CIA(New York:Simon and Schuster,1986),pp.203-28,246-69.关于侦察飞行,参见:R.Cargill Hall and Clayton D.Laurie,eds.,Early Cold War Overflights,two volumens(Washington:National Reconnaissance Office,2003).

21.Miscamble,Kennan and the Making of American Foreign Policy,p.109.此外参见:George F.Kennan,Memoirs:1950-1963(Boston:Little,Brown,1972),pp.202-3.

22.NSC-68,“United States Objectives and Programs for National Security,”April 14,1950,FRUS:1950,I,243-44.

23.关于这一点,更多参见:John Lewis Gaddis,Strategies of Containment:A Critical Appraisal of American National Security Policy During the Cold War,revised and updated edition(New York:Oxford University Press,2005),第3-5章。

24.Loch K.Johnson,America’s Secret Power:The CIA in a Democratic Society(New York:Oxford University Press,1989),p.10.这个报告是以其主要作者空军中将詹姆斯·杜立德(James Doolittle)之名命名的。

25.Gaddis,The United Stated and the End of the Cold War,p.55.着重号为原文所做。

26.Johnson,America’s Secret Power,p.10.

27.Harold M.Greenberg,“The Dolittle Report:Covert Action and Congressional Oversight of the Central Intelligence Agency in the mid-1950s,”Senior Essay,Yale University History Department,2005.

28.2000年3月17日国务卿马德琳·奥尔布赖特(Madeleine K.Albright)对美国伊朗关系理事会的讲话;Nicholas Cullather,Operation PB Success:The United States and Guatemala,1952-1954(Washington:Central Intelligence Agency,1994);FRUS:1952-54,Guatemala(Washington:Government Printing Office,1993).

29.Robert E.Quirk,Fidel Castro(New York:Norton,1993),特别是pp.87-209.

30.参见James A.Bill,The Eagle and the Lion:The Tragedy of American-Iranian Relations(New Haven:Yale University Press,1988).

31.Ranelagh,The Agency,pp.288-96.此外参见:David E.Murphy,Sergei A.Kondrashev,and George Bailey,Battleground Berlin:CIA vs KGB in the Cold War(New Haven:Yale University Press,1997),pp.205-37.

32.Ranelagh,The Agency,pp.285-88,307-9.

33.Michael R.Beschloss,Mayday:Eisenhower,Khrushchev and the U-2 Affair(New York:Harper & Row,1986),pp.173,372.

34.Lawrence Freedman,Kennedy’s Wars:Berlin,Cuba,Laos,and Vietnam(New York:Oxford University Press,2000),pp.140,146.

35.Conversation with Senator Richard Russell,May 27,1964,in Michael R.Beschloss,ed.,Taking Charge:The Johnson White House Tapes,1963-1964(New York:Simon and Schuster,1997),p.365.

36.Johnson to Rusk,McNamara,and McCone,December 7,1964,FRUS:1964-68,I,Document 440.此外参见:Robert Dallek,Flawed Giant:Lyndon Johnson and His Times,1961-1973(New York:Oxford University Press,1998),pp.238-41,277.

37.Johnson to Rusk,McNamara,and McCone,December 7,1964,FRUS:1964-68,I,Document 440.此外参见:Robert Dallek,Flawed Giant:Lyndon Johnson and His Times,1961-1973(New York:Oxford University Press,1998),p.276.

38.Gaddis,Strategies of Containment,pp.256-58.

39.Gaddis,Strategies of Containment,pp.259-60.

40.Stanley Karnow,Vietnam:A History(New York:Viking,1983),pp.515-56.

41.Nixon,RN,p.390.

42.Nixon,RN,p.382.

43.Henry Kissinger,White House Years(Boston:Little,Brown,1979),pp.252-53;Olson,Watergate,p.12.

44.尼克松的电台访谈,January 4,1971,Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States:Richard M.Nixon,1971(Washington:Government Printing Office,1972),p.12.

45.中央情报局谈话备忘录,1970年9月16日尼克松同理查德·赫尔姆斯(Richard Helms)的会谈,in Peter Kornbluh,ed.,The Pinochet File:A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability(New York:New Press,2004),p.37.

46.Viron Vaky to Kissinger,September 14,1970,quoted in ibid.,p.11.

47.1971年7月1日尼克松同罗伯特·霍尔德曼的谈话,in Stanley I.Kutler,ed.,Abuse of Power:The New Nixon Tapes(New York:Free Press,1997),p.8,着重符号为原文所做。此外参见Nixon,RN,pp.508-15.

48.Olson,Watergate,p.37.

49.有关一些可能的动机,参见Olson,Watergate,pp.36-42.

50.Henry Kissinger,Years of Upheaval(Boston:Little,Brown,1982),pp.307-8.

51.Henry Kissinger,Years of Upheaval(Boston:Little,Brown,1982),pp.542,546.

52.Johnson,America’s Secret Power,pp.157-59,208.

53.Ranelagh,The Agency,pp.520-30,571-72.

54.最全面的新近论述,对尼克松和基辛格的批评,参见Kornbluh,The Pinochet File.基辛格对政府政策的辩护,参见Years of Upheaval,pp.374-413,以及Years of Renewal(New York:Simon and Schuster,1999),pp.749-60.

55.特别参见Christopher Hitchens,The Trial of Henry Kissinger(New York:Verso,2001);William D.Rogers and Kenneth Maxwell,“Fleeing the Chilean Coup,”Foreign Affairs,83(January/February,2004),160-65;David Glenn,“‘Foreign Affairs’Loses a Longtime Editor and His Replacement in Row Over Editorial Independence,”Chronicle of Higher Education,June 25,2004,p.A25.

56.Kissinger,Years of Renewal,p.832.

57.Piero Gleijeses,Conflicting Missions:Havana,Washington,and Africa,1959-1976(Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,2002),pp.230-396,该书提供了最好的论述。

58.关于这一部分更多参见John Lewis Gaddis,The Long Peace:Inquiries into the History of the Cold War(New York:Oxford University Press,1987),pp.219-23.

59.当代电视采访,CNN Cold War,Episode 7,“After Stalin.”

60.Dean Rusk,as told to Richard Rusk,As I Saw It(New York:Norton,1990),p.361.此外参见Chris Michel,“Bridges Built and Broken Down:How Lyndon Johnson Lost His Gamble on the Fate of the Prague Spring,”Senior Essay,Yale University History Department,2003.

61.Henry A.Kissinger,A World Restored(New York:Houghton Mifflin,1957),pp.1-2.

62.1973年10月8日基辛格在华盛顿举办的第三届地球和平(Pacem in Terris III)会议上的演讲,in Henry A.Kissinger,American Foreign Policy,third edition(New York:Norton,1977),p.121.

63.1973年10月8日基辛格在华盛顿举办的第三届地球和平(Pacem in Terris III)会议上的演讲,in Henry A.Kissinger,American Foreign Policy,third edition(New York:Norton,1977),p.121.

64.1974年9月20日亨利·杰克逊(Henry Jackson)的记者招待会,CNN Cold War,Episode 16,“Détente.”

65.Kissinger,Years of Upheaval,p.254.

66.Dobrynin,In Confidence,p.268.

67.Kissinger,Years of Upheaval,p.243.此外参见Henry Kissinger,Diplomacy(New York:Simon and Schuster,1994),pp.713-14.

68.Robert D.English,Russia and the Idea of the West:Gorbachev,Intellectuals,and the End of the Cold War(New York:Columbia University Press,2000),p.118.

69.Len Karpinsky,引自Russia and the Idea of the West:Gorbachev,Intellectuals,and the End of the Cold War(New York:Columbia University Press,2000),114-15.

70.Timothy Garton Ash,The Uses of Adversity:Essays on the Fate of Central Europe(New York:Random House,1989),p.10.

71.1974年1月7日政治局会议记录,Michael Scammell,ed.,The Solzhenitsyn Files,translated under the supervision of Catherine A Fitzpatrick(Chicago:Edition Q,1995),p.284.

72.John Lewis Gaddis,Russia,the Soviet Union and the United States:An Interpretive History,second edition(New York:McGraw-Hill,1990),pp.283-84.

73.Kissinger,Years of Renewal,p.636.

74.Raymond Garthoff,Détente and Confrontation:American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan,revised edition(Washington:Brookings Institution,1994),pp.125-39.

75.关于勃列日涅夫动机的进一步推测,参见Kissinger,Diplomacy,p.758.

76.Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe“Final Act,”Helsinki,August 1,1975,at:http://www.osce.org/docs/English/1990-1999/summits/helfa75e.htm.

77.有关这些会谈的论述,参见William G.Hyland,Mortal Rivals:Understanding the Hidden Pattern of Soviet-American Relations(New York:Simon and Schuster,1987),pp.114-19.我还参考了一份耶鲁大学未公开发表的博士论文,Michael D.J.Morgan,“North America,Atlanticism,and the Helsinki Process.”

78.Dobrynin,In Confidence,p.346.

79.Hyland,Mortal Rivals,p.122;Kissinger,Years of Renewal,p.635.

80.Hyland,Mortal Rivals,p.122;Kissinger,Years of Renewal,pp.648-52,861-67.

81.Hyland,Mortal Rivals,p.122;Kissinger,Years of Renewal,p.866;A Time to Heal:The Autobiography of Gerald R.Ford(New York:Harper&Row,1979),pp.422-25.

82.Dobrynin,In Confidence,pp.345-46.

83.关于这部分,更多参见Daniel C.Thomas,“Human Rights Ideas,the Demise of Communism,and the End of the Cold War,”Journal of Cold War Studies,7(Spring,2005),pp.111-12.

84.Andrei Sakharov,Memoirs,translated by Richard Lourie(New York:Knopf,1990),pp.456-57.此外参见Daniel C.Thomas,The Helsinki Effect:International Norms,Human Rights,and the Demise of Communism4(Princeton:Princeton University Press,2001).

85.Garton Ash,The Uses of Adversity,p.64;Gale Stokes,The Walls Game Tumbling Down:The Collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe(New York:Oxford University Press,1993),pp.24-25.

86.Garton Ash,The Uses of Adversity,p.64;Gale Stokes,The Walls Game Tumbling Down:The Collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe(New York:Oxford University Press,1993),p.24.

87.Václav Havel,Living in Truth,edited by Jan Vladislav(London:Faber and Faber,1989),p.59.此外参见Garton Ash,The Uses of Adversity,p.192;以及Jonathan Schell,The Unconquerable World:Power,Nonviolence,and the Will of the People(New York:Metropolitan Books,2003),pp.195-204.

88.George Weigel,Witness to Hope:The Biography of Pope John Paul II,1920-2005(New York:Harper,2005),pp.184-85,279,301,304.

89.George Weigel,Witness to Hope:The Biography of Pope John Paul II,1920-2005(New York:Harper,2005),pp.293,305-20.

90.类似的引言最好的出处——尽管是间接引用的——是Wintston S.Churchill,The Second World War:The Gathering Storm(New York:Bantam,1961),p.121.有关苏联对约翰·保罗二世此次访问的反应,参见Matthew J.Ouimet,The Rise and Fall of the Brezhnev Doctrine in Soviet Foreign Policy(Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,2003),pp.114-16.