索引
(索引中的页码为本书页边码)
Abano 632
Abbasids 263
Abdülhamid Ⅱ,Ottoman sultan 568
Abi-milki 66
Aboukir Bay 518
Abraham of Saragossa 248
Abulafia,Abraham ben Samuel 342
Abulafia,Haim 480
Abulafia,Solomon 593
Abyssinia 601
Acciaiuoli Bank 375
Aciman,André 590
Acre 55,291,300,310-11,325-6,327,331,349,616 fall of(1291)354
Military Orders of the Temple and Hospital 326
Actium 198
Adams,John Quincy 536
Adria 117
Adrianople 482
Adriatic Sea ⅹⅹⅲ,ⅹⅹⅹ,13,98,117-18,126,237,385,448
and marshlands in the eighth century 251-4
Turkish ships in 456
Venetian-Genoese clashes in 377
‘Venetian Gulf’358
in World War Ⅰ 580-81
Aegean
Bronze Age 16-22,27-8
Byzantine 246
Crete see Crete
Cyclades see Cyclades
eastern 163
Euboia see Euboia;Euboians
Genoese control of 354
grain sources 140
Greek civilizations see Greek civilizations/cultures
Levantine trade network 35
Mesolithic 7
northern 44,135,143
pottery 20
Rhodians and the Aegean islands 163
Sea ⅹⅹⅶ,18,27,147,365,439;defended against the Persians 136-7;and the Peloponnesian War 147
southern 16,539
struggle of islands against the Persians 132
trade routes 17,22,44
Turkish assaults on Venetian naval bases in 385
‘Tyrsenians’see ‘Tyrsenians’
Upper Palaeolithic 7
western 87
see also specific islands
Aelia Capitolina 216
see also Jerusalem
Aeneas 74,86,189-90
Aeneid (Virgil)74
Aeschylus 132-3,137,160
Aetheria 644
Aetius,Flavius 223,232
Aetolian League 188
Aetos 87
Africa,North see North Africa
Agamemnon 45,47,565
Agathokles 173,174
Agde 126
Aghlabid emirs 250
Agnon,Shemuel Yosef 593
agriculture
and the Black Death 367,368-9
and economic complexity 227
grain trade see grain trade
kibbutz movement 592
Neolithic 8,9,14
North Africa 203-4
over-exploitation of soil 234-5
vineyards see vines/vineyards
Ahhiyawa 44
Ahiram,King,coffin 80
Ahmad ibn Hassan 309
Ahmet Pasha,Fazil 481
Ahmet Pasha,Gedik 387
Ahura Mazda 135
Aï 58
Aigina 111,143,236
Aigospotamoi,battle of 147
Aigues-Mortes 358,397
air travel 634,637
Ajaccio 515
Akdeniz see White Sea
Akhenaten,Pharaoh 37
Akra Leuke 185
Akragas 167,172,173,179,186,187
Akrotiri 27
al-Mahdiyyah see Mahdia
al-Mina 46,91,96
Alaksandu,king of Wilusa 44-5
Alalakh 46
Alalia 114
Alamanno da Costa 328
Alans 223,230,231
Alaric the Goth 223
Albania 55,283,350,385,391,577,613,614-15
and China 623
Italian invasion of 602-4
tourists 636
Albertini tablets 232
Albigensian Crusade 335
alchemy 481
alcohol
and the tourist industry 636-7
wine see wine
Alcol 351
Aleppo 327,367
Alexander Ⅰ of Russia 520-21,523
Alexander the Great 68,149-52,153,159,174,643
Alexander/Alexandros(Paris)44
Alexandria ⅹⅹⅹⅰ,38,149-64,197,198,204,236,305-6,569,643
attack by William Ⅱ 323
British bombardment of 555
British fleet at 605
bubonic plague 368
Catalans in 345
Church of 255
cosmopolitan,early twentieth century 589-92
cult of Sarapis 154
Delta settlement 153
French in 606,609
grain trade 157,158-9
Greeks in 589-90
Jews 153,161,162,215,218,224,590-91
Library 159-61,197
lighthouse of 154-5,305,309
medical tradition 162
Mouseion 159,160
and Peter Ⅰ of Cyprus 359
Ptolemaic 152-4,155-62
reconstituted from 1956 as a Muslim Arab city 600
and Rhodes 157,163-4
science 162
and the Septuagint 161-2
trade with India 158,207
travel accounts of 256,309-10
and Venice 255-6,292
Victoria College 591
Alexios Ⅰ Komnenos 283,284-5,293
Alexios Ⅳ Angelos 330
Alfonso Ⅰ,‘the Battler’of Aragon 335
Alfonso Ⅳ of Aragon 361
Alfonso Ⅴ,‘the Magnanimous’of Aragon 381-4,398,401,402
Alfonso Ⅹ of Castile 340
Alfonso Ⅺ of Castile 364
Alfonso ⅩⅢ of Spain 580
Algeciras 97,364
Algeria 528,617-18
and the French 530,540-41,573-4,621-2
Jews 531,573-4
Operation Torch(World War Ⅱ)609
Alghero 275
Algiers 416,417,423,461,493
and America 533,535-6
dey of 528,531,535,540
and the French 573
French conquest of 540-41
in World War Ⅱ 609-10
Ali Pasha of Ioannina 518,525
Alicante 465
Alkibiades 145-6
Allatini family 570,571
Allegheny ,USS 535
Alliance Israélite Universelle(AIU)570,574,585
Alma-Tadema,Lawrence 563-4
Almería 368,393
Almohads 296,298,299,310,322,332
disintegration of Almohad power 334
Ibn Jubayr 307-15
Almoravids 298,336
Almuñécar 78
alphabet 36,64
carried by Euboians 93
Etruscan 93,110
Iberian 129
Phoenician 80,644
alum 297,347,358,366,392-3
Alva,duke of 447
Amalfi 246,256,267-70,294-5,301,316
merchants 294-5
Amarantus 218-19
Amaury,king of Jerusalem 324
amber 34,91,122,285
America see United States of America
American School of Classical Studies,Athens 3
American War of Independence 529
Amiens,Peace of 521
Amnisos 25
Amos 57-58
‘Amr ibn al-’As 244,549
Anatolia ⅹⅹⅸ,8,9,83
Anatolian refugees in Salonika 598
Bronze Age 22,34,44-5
coast of Asia Minor 9,27,44,96,116,123,141,161,163,202,347,358,364-5,384,585
Hittites see Hittites
and the Mycenaeans 44-7
pottery 20
‘purification’of 583
trading network 55
Troy see Troy
Turks in 364-5,366
Anaxilas of Rhegion 115
Ancona 300,436-8,440,442-3,518
Ancona (Italian ship)582
Andalucía 127,129,130,453,630
al-Andalus(Islamic Spain)250,258,261,263,264,306,308,476,630
Andronikos Ⅰ Komnenos 324
Andronikos Ⅱ Palaiologos 354
Angevins 349-52,353,357,360,365,401
Anghelu Ruju 119
Anglicanism 501
Anglican churches,Minorca 500
Anglo-French Dual Control Commission 554-5
animal hides see hides,animal
animal husbandry Neolithic 8
Anitta 22
Annaba 541
Annales school ⅹⅹⅵ
Anne,Queen 497
Ansaldo de’Mari 349
Antibes 422,644
Antikythera 162
Antioch 288-9,290
Antium(Anzio)175
‘Antonius Maximus’209
Antony,Mark 197-8
Antwerp 463
Anzio 175,611
Aphrodite 221
apiru 48,58
Apollo 138
Apollonia 117
Apollonios,administrator of Ptolemy Ⅱ 157
Apollonios of Rhodes 160-61
Apuleius 199
Apulia 283,288,301,322,373,387,388
grain 351,357,358
tourism 637
trade with Dalmatia 389
Turkish raids 387
and the Venetians 388
Arab Higher Command 616
Arabs
and the Byzantine Empire 243-51
capture of Carthage 246
and Charlemagne 249-50
coinage 255,257
conquest of Egypt 245;1952 revolution 617
conquest of North Africa 245-6
early Arab expansion after death of Muhammad 245
invasions ⅹⅹⅸ,161,234
Islam see Islam of Jaffa 593,594,600
Muslim merchants 257,258,261-2,266,296,404,453,457,465
Muslim naval power/piracy 249,250-51,268,278-9,402,414,423-4
and Nasser 618-19
in Palestine 592,594,595,616-17
revolt in the Great War 592
Aragon 335,351
and Castile 398,408-10
kings of 334-5,338-41,344,345,351,353,361-2,364,376,379,381-4,387,398-9,401,405,420,646
Moriscos of 475
Aragonese 351,352,364,365
Angevins and 351-2
Catalan-Aragonese commonwealth 353,361-3,381,404,409
Inquisition 405-6
rule over Naples 401,409
see also Aragon
Arborea 361-2
Archidamian War 143
Archimedes 152,162,187
Arganthonios 79
Arginoussai 147
Arians 220,230,231-3
Ostrogoths 233
Ariminum 177
see also Rimini
Aristarchos 162
Aristonothos 104,109
Aristophanes 95,130,139
Aristotle 98
Arkadi monastery 485
Arkhanes 28,29
Arles 250
Armenia,Cilician 359
Armenians 198,583,584,586,587
Arno,river ⅹⅹⅶ,271-2,464
art
Athenian 105-6
Byzantine influence on Italian art 332
cave paintings 4,5-6,7
Cretan fresco painting 37
Cycladic 17-18
Egyptian 37
Etruscan 100,103,111,112
Greek 89,167,562-3
Hellenistic styles 152
Iberian 129-30
Ionian 112
in Majorca 399
Minoan 36,37
Phoenician 69
of Ugarit 36
see also pottery/ceramics
Artemisia,wife of Meletius 223,225
Arzawa 104
Ascalon 292-3
Ashdod 55,56,57
Ashkelon 56
Ashkenazi Jews 592,593,599
Asia Minor see Anatolia
Asquith,H.H.,ist Earl of Oxford and Asquith 578
Assurnasirpal 69
Assuwa 45
Assyrians 63,66,68,69,70,132
Astarte 70,111,130
Aswan High Dam ⅹⅹⅸ,618
asylum-seekers 629
Atatürk,Mustafa Kemal 583,585,586,587
Athena 221
Athenaios of Naukratis 116
Athenians 22,25,53,83
Archidamian War 143
Athenian empire 138,139,140,143
attacks on Syracuse 115,146
and Carthaginians 167,173
communication channels 116-17
and the Delian League 139
grain trade 139-40,146,147-8,158,172-3
kleroucboi 139-40
navy 115,142,146,147
Peloponnesian War 133,141-8
and the Persians 133,136-7
pottery/ceramics 96,101,105-6
and the Ptolemies 160
and Sicily 144-6
trade routes 116-17,141
see also Athens
Athens 25,53,55,89,131,138-44
attack by Roger Ⅱ 319
and Carthage 167,173
decline during sixth century 236
and Delos 164
and Euboia 140,141
people of see Athenians
Persian sacking of 136
plague 144
Romans and 164
Royal Navy’s blockade of 564
Athos 107
Atlantic economy 440-41,453-4,505
Atlantic Ocean ⅹⅹⅶ-ⅹⅹⅷ,71,347,411,440,454
trans-Atlantic trade 411-12
Atlas 126
Atrani 268
Atreus,Treasury of 563
Attaleia 195
Attarssiya 44
Attic pottery 113,126
Attika 17,137,139
Atys,king of Lydia 101
Augustine of Hippo 218,229-30,231
Augustus Caesar 199,200,207,210
Octavian 197,198-9,208
Aurelian 200
Auschwitz 599
Australians,Gallipoli campaign 579
Austria 600
people of see Austrians
Austrian Lloyd 556,557,560,561
Austrians 456
in Bosnia 571
and Greeks 539
Habsburgs see Habsburgs
in Italy 601
and Montenegro 581,582
and Ottomans 539
and Venice 519,557,558
war fleets 539,558,578,580-82
World War Ⅰ 581-2
see also Austria
autarchy 7
Avaris 38
Avars 252
Avienus 127-8
Axis powers 605,606-11
Aydhab 296
Aydın 365,366,384
Ayia Napa 636
Ayia Photia 16-17
Ayyubids 296-7,325,329
Azores 393,620
Baal Hamon 184
Baal worship 70,81-2
Babylon 134
Bacchiad dynasty 97-8
Bacri family 531,535,540
Badoglio,Pietro 603,611
Baetica 230
Balagne 515
Balawat gates 69,73
Balbi di Correggio,Francisco 431-2,433,434
Baldwin Ⅰ of Constantinople 330
Baldwin Ⅰ of Jerusalem 291
Balearic islands 14,194,232,235,246,249-50,339,417,604
see also Ibiza;Majorca;Minorca
Balfour Declaration 592
Balkans 383,384,385,391,437
Franco-Turkish alliance in 421
Ottomans in 414,421
silver 98
trade in the late sixteenth century 437-40
Baltharpe,John 462-3
Baltic 520
economy 505
grain 440,466
Banco di Roma 576
Banco di San Giorgio 392
bankers
Florentine 351
Greek 207
Rhodian 164
Sulpicii of Puteoli 206
banks 392,400,556,576
Florentine 375
international 375-6
Banu Hillal 279
Banu Sulaym 279
Bar 581
Barbarigo,Agostino 450
Barbarossa,Frederick 300,302
Barbarossa,Hizr/Khizr/Hayrettin 415-18,419-20,421-2
Barbarossa,Uruj/Oruc 415-17
Barbary corsairs 414,415-18,419-20,421-2,423,452,493,498
and America 529,530,532-6
Barbary states 434,471,492,528-36
and America:the Barbary Wars 529-36
corsairs of see Barbary corsairs
regencies 500,528,532;see also Algiers;Tripoli;Tunis
see also Algiers;Maghrib;Morocco;Tripoli;Tunisia
Barcelona ⅹⅹⅹⅰ,128,202,304,325,334,335-7,340,341,342,346,358
attacks on Jews 405
Biga 399,403
and the Black Death 368
Busca 399,403
business elite 400
and the Catalan civil war 401
French in 441
and Genoese 441
llotja 399,400
merchants/shipowners 345
shipbuilding 441
shipping 400-401
trade in the sixteenth century 441
trade with Catalonia 401
and Valencia 403-4
Barcelona Process 639
Barcids 184
Bardi Bank 375
Bari 250,251,278,281,283,292,305
bashaws 528,529,531,534
Battifoglio,Pietro 299
beachwear 635-6
Beatrice de Luna(Gracia Mendes/Gracia Nasi)441-2,443,444
Bedouins 279
Beirut 359,400,616,617
Belasyse,John,Ist Baron 493
Belisarios 235
Bellini,Gentile 388
Ben Ezra synagogue,Cairo 258-9
Ben-Gurion,David 595,619
Benedict ⅩⅢ 405
Benedictines 269
Montecassino 269,274
Benevento 295
Benjamin of Tudela 304-7,335
Berab,Jacob 407
Berbers 75,166-7,374,411,472
Barbary corsairs see Barbary corsairs
Islamization of 245-6
Marinid 334,347,363-4
see also Libyans
Bergamo 413
Betsy (US ship)533
beys 528,529
Bible 52,66-7,69,79-80,134
account of Paul’s winter voyage to Rome 202-3
Greek version 153
Ladino Bible of Ferrara 442
and the migrations of the Sea Peoples 56-58
Muslim view of 244
Septuagint 161-2
Biga 399,403
bikinis 635-6
Birgu see Vittoriosa
Bizerta 610
Black Death/bubonic plague 59,144,234,238,366-9,377,500
blamed on Jews 404-5
changes after 373,389,396,399,401,404,411
Black Sea ⅹⅹⅲ,ⅹⅹⅶ,17,86,140,285,355
and the British 557
Celtic and Scythian invasions of area 158
Genoese control of 354
grain traffic 140,355,511;and bubonic plague 368
Mycenaean contact with 33
and the Napoleonic Wars 522-3
and the Russians 505,508,510,511,519
slaves 349,355,373-4,644
trade routes 227,355,508,557
Blakeney,William,Ist Baron,Lieutenant-Governor of Minorca 503
blancmange 404 Blegen,Carl 19,20
bluefin tuna 640
Boabdil,king of Granada 408
Boardman,Sir John 125
Bocche di Cattaro 581
Bocchoris,Pharaoh 93
Bodrum 386
Bogomils 332
Bohemond Ⅰ of Antioch(Bohemond of Taranto)283,284,288-90
Bolaffio,G.V.560
Bologna 108,116
see also Felsina
Bombay 491
Bonaparte,Napoleon see Napoleon Ⅰ
Bonaventura (Italian ship)346
Boniface of Montferrat 330
Bonifacio 329
bora ⅹⅹⅷ,ⅹⅹⅸ,456
Boreas ⅹⅹⅸ
Borel,Lavalley and Company 551
Bosnia 449,571
Bosnia-Hercegovina 440
Bosphorus 158,376,505,508,511,518,568,580
Boston Tea Party 530
Botero,Giovanni 453
Bougie 303,344,345,409
Bourbon,Philip de see Philip Ⅴ of Spain
Bragadin,Marco Antonio 448,449
Braudel,Fernand ⅹⅹⅴ-ⅹⅹⅶ,439-40,449,451,465,641
brazilwood 301,374
Brignole Sale,Antonio Giulio 469
Brindisi 205,388,582
Brundisium 186
Brinton,Jasper 589
Bristol,Admiral Mark L.586,587,588
Britain/the British
aeronautical industry 634
in Alexandria 555
choice of Mediterranean ports ⅹⅹⅹ-ⅹⅹⅹⅰ
contraction of control in Mediterranean 617-18,619,622-7
and Corsica 514-15
and Cyprus 567,568,605,623-4,628,633
decolonization 622-5;and Gibraltar 625-7
and Egypt 550,554-5,579,619
England see England
the English see English
and the French 606
and the French Revolutionary War 513-16
and Gibraltar 605,625-7
and the Greeks 564,586-7
imperial expansion within the Mediterranean 642
and the Italians 607
and Malta 519,520,525,607-8,622-3
and the Mediterranean in World War Ⅱ 605-12
and Minorca 498-503,514
Napoleonic Wars 522,524-6
and NATO 620
navy/fleets see Royal Navy
and the Ottomans 525,538-40,568,578-80,585
and Palestine 592,616-17,619
and the Russians 504-6,509-10,515,522,523,612
in Salonika 598
and the Seven Years War 501-3
and Sicily 525-6,607
and Smyrna 585-6,588
steam shipping 557
and the Suez Canal 550,553,554-5,605,619
tourists 633,634
and the US 529-30,535,536
World War Ⅰ 578-80,582
World War Ⅱ 605-12
Broecke,Bernard van den 467
Broglie,Victor-François,2nd duc de 505
bronze 12,17,19,94
Alexandrian 156
Etruscan bronzes 124
gates of Balawat 69,73
serpent from Delphi 132
Villanovan 108
weapons 12,17,20,32,109
Bronze Age
Early 9-10,15-2.3
Late 27-8,29-41,42-6,47,48;Sea Peoples 42,49-54,55-59,66,644
Melos obsidian 9-10
metal work 10
Middle 24-6
Bruges 347
Brundisium 164
see also Brindisi
Brutus,Marcus Junius 197
bubonic plague see Black Death/bubonic plague
Bulgaria 355,439,599
people of see Bulgarians
Bulgarians 329,330
and Salonika 571
see also Bulgaria
Burchard(Frankish admiral)250
burial practices 10-11,15,16,81,108
Iberian 129
at sea 312
see also cremation;funerary rites;tombs
Busca 399,403
Byblos 35,37,39
Byng,Admiral John 501,502-3
Byron,George Gordon,6th Baron 564
Byzantine Christianity 162
Byzantine Empire/Byzantium 234,246,319
economy 238,285,294
fracturing in late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries 329-30
and the Franks 251-4
integration process 241
and Islamic conquests 243-51
jihad against 366
under Justinian Ⅰ 234-8
Komnenos dynasty see Komnenos dynasty
loss of trans-Mediterranean contact 241-2,256-7
navy/fleets 233,235,249,251,324
and the Normans 281-4,288-9,319,322,323-4
and Sicily 235,242,265
and the Slavs 234,236,241-2
Byzantion 147,227
see also Constantinople
Cádiz 66,72,78,126,465-6,489,525
Caere 94,104,108,111,112,170,175
Caeretans 114
Caesar,(Gaius)Julius 194,197
Caesarea 210,291
Café Pastroudis,Alexandria 591
Caffa 355,367-8
Caffaro di Rustico da Caschifellone 290
Caffé degli Specchi,Trieste 560
Cagliari 122,275,462,611
Cairo 324-5
‘Babylonia’291
Fustat 258-60,263,270
Genizah Jews 258-9,262,263-4,266,279,295-6,646
Cairo Genizah collection 258-9,260-61,265,281,296
Calabria 272,279,283,313,414
Caligula,Gaius 205,215
Calvi 382
Cambyses 134
Camões,Luis de 396
Canaan 35,37,48,49,57,58-59
see also Palestine
Canaanites 80-81,644
language 36,65,644
Philistines see Philistines
Phoenicians see Phoenicians
poetry 80
religion 57,65-6,644
Canaries 348,393,411,634,637
Candia 331,484,485
Cannae 186
Cannes 632
cannibalism 28
Cantabrians 396
Cape Verde islands 393
Caphtor 56-57
see also Crete
Capitulations(trade treaty)422
Capstan culture 7
carbon emissions 637
Caribbean islands 411
Carmen in victoriam Pisanorum 280
Cartagena(New Carthage)185,187
Carthage 68,72,74-6,77,90,114,227,228-9,645
Arab capture of 246
and Athens 167,173
Byzantine recovery of 235,236
Colonia Iulia Concordia Carthago 210
as a cosmopolitan city 171
destruction of 165,177
people of see Carthaginians
and the Persians 135
and the Ptolemies 157
Punic Wars see Punic Wars
Vandal conquest of 230-32
Carthaginians 70,72,74-6
and Athenians 167,173
child sacrifice 81-2
and Corinthian pottery 96
and Iberians 128,130-31
invasion of Sicily 137,166-74
massacre of Motya 170
and Massaliots 124
and the Peloponnesian War 146
pre-Punic War battles with Romans 175
Punic Wars see Punic Wars
rise of Carthaginian empire 166-7
in Sardinia 77,122
Segestan appeal to 166
and the Selinuntines 166,167
trade and settlement along coast of Spain 126,127-8
trade with Corinthians 97
trade with Etruscans 101,115
treaties with Rome 127,174-5,188
under Vandal rule 232
warships 114,167,173,178,180,181,186-7
see also Carthage
cartography 340,353,379
Cassiodorus 253
Castelnuovo fortress,Naples 399
Castile 335,364,393,398,410
and Aragon 398,408-10
gold 411
Moriscos 473,476
people of see Castilians
Castilians 364,366,393,395,398,404,405,410
expulsion of Muslims from Castilian lands 408
see also Castile
castration 98,213,248,474
clinics 246-7
Catalans ⅹⅹⅹ,298,336-7,338,353,376
Catalan-Aragonese commonwealth 353,361-3,381,404,409
and Genoese 361,382
grain trade 346,347-8,356
Jews 341
and the kings of Aragon 334-5,338-41,344,345,351,353,361,362,376,381-4
Levant trade 400
merchants 344,353,359-60,400
militias 344
and Pisans 361
rise of a Catalan-Aragonese‘empire’ 361-3
and Sardinia 361,381
shipping 344-8,359-60,400
in Sicily 381
slave trade 346-7
textile trade 401
trade in the fifteenth century 400,401,402
trade networks 344-8,401,410
trade with North Africa 402
and the Turks of Aydin 365
war fleets 347,352,359,362-3,366,434
see also Catalonia
Catalonia 111,127,335,352
Catalan wine 129
civil war 399,401
fleet built after siege of Malta 434
Moriscos 475
people of see Catalans
Cathars 332-3
Albigensian Crusade 335
Catherine Ⅱ,the Great,empress of Russia 505,508,510,512
Catherine of Braganza,queen of England 491
Catholic Church 278,354,500
and confessional identity 488
in Gibraltar 497
Inquisition see Inquisition
in Minorca 500
papacy see papacy
and Russian Orthodox Church 522
Cato,Marcus Porcius,the Elder 188-9,191,200-201,203
Cattaro see Kotor
Catullus 102
Cavafy,Constantine P.591-2
Cavalcabó,marquis of 512-13
cave paintings 4,5-6,7
Cavour (Italian battleship) 607
Cecil Hotel,Alexandria 589
Celtiberians 184,185
Celtic peoples 117,118,124,125,128,158,173
Celtiberians 184,185
ceramics see pottery/ceramics
Cerdagne 339
Cerveteri see Caere
Cesnola,Louis Palma di 568
Cetara 268
Cetinje 582
Ceuta 246,298,308,393-5,495,575,629
Chalkis 90,91,93,140
Champagne 277
Champollion,Jean-François 548
Chanel,Coco 635
Chania 484,485
Charlemagne 249-50,252,253,254
Charles Ⅰ of Anjou 349-52,358,365
Charles Ⅰ of Naples,prince of Salerno 352,354
Charles Ⅱ of England 490,492,494
Charles Ⅱ of Spain 494
Charles Ⅲ of Spain,later Charles Ⅵ,Holy Roman Emperor 495,496-7,498
Charles Ⅴ,Holy Roman Emperor 410,415,417,418,419,441,442,559
and Francis Ⅰ 420-23
Charles Ⅵ of Austria 559
see also Charles Ⅲ of Spain
Charles Ⅶ of France 397
Charles Ⅷ of France 387-8,420
Charles Ⅸ of France 477
Charles,prince of Viana 399
Chelouche,Aharon 593
Chelouche family 594
Cherchel see Caesarea
Cheremetov,Boris 512
Chigi Vase 96
child sacrifice 66,75,76,81-2
Chilperic Ⅱ 247
China 378,622-3,639-40
Chioggia,War of 376-8
Chios 53,83,95,236,352,358,477
and Genoese 366,414,446
Turks in 538
Christendom
Christian pirates 381,414,429,435,446,449,453
crossing the boundaries with Islam 258-70
and the Crusades see Crusades
Christianity
Anglicanism see Anglicanism
Arian 220,230,231;see also Arians
and Judaism 222-5
attempted conversion of Muslims to 408
Byzantine 162
Catholic Church 278,354,500;see also papacy
Christian relations with Jews and Muslims in Spain 340-41,404-6
Christians viewed by Romans as atheists 213
churches see churches
Constantine’s conversion to 219-20
Coptic 245
Eastern Schism(1054) 283
Greek Orthodox Church 282-3,354,458,485-6
and‘heretics’ 218,220
and Islam 244,273,281-2,340-41;Crusades see Crusades;and the fragmentation of trade networks 296;mixture of Christian and Muslim soldiers in armies 344;Pisa and the Muslims 279-81
martyrs 214,217-18,223-4
Melkites 591
Minorcan Christians 224-5
New Christians:converted from Islam see Moriscos;converted from Judaism 398,443,463-4
and Paganism 220-22
papacy see papacy
persecution of Christians 214,217-18,443
Protestantism see Protestantism
relationships between Catholic West and Orthodox East 282-3
rift with Judaism 213-14,217
Roman legalization of 213,219-20,227
Russian Orthodox Church 522
spread across Mediterranean 213-14,220
Chrysostom,John 221
churches
on Grado 253
Greek style 274
Monophysite 244
of Pisa and Genoa 275
relations between Greek and Latin 269,274
Sardinian 274
Churchill,Winston 578,580,589,608,612
Cicero 78,102,186,191,196
Cid,El 336
Cilicia 92,196,197,380
Cilician Armenia 359
pirates 165,195
Rough Cilicia 195,197
Circassians 248,355,373-4
Cisneros,Cardinal 409
Ciutadella,Minorca 499
Jamona 223,224,225
Ciutat de Mallorca 338-9,340
Classis,Ravenna 211,236
Claudius,Emperor 207,215
Claudius,Appius 179
Cleopatra 197-8,199
climate changes ⅹⅹⅸ,6,7
Club 18-30 637
Club Méditerranée 633
cochineal 465,532,585
cocoa 560
Cœur,Jacques,of Bourges 397
coffee 485,528,560,585
Cohen,Eve 591
coinage 70,97
Amalfitan 270
Arab 255,257
Byzantine 231,255
Corinthian 97
Florentine 327,358
gold 236,237,247,255,263,270,302,308,327,358,402
lead 237
Rhodian 164
Roman 204,220
Valencian 402
Colbert,Jean-Baptiste 493
Collingwood,Admiral Cuthbert,1st Baron Collingwood 515,525
Colonna,Marcantonio 447
Colossus of Rhodes 155,163
Columbus,Christopher 409,411
Comacchio 252,253,254
commercialization 367,637
Communism 604,612,613 fall of 638
Comnenus dynasty see Komnenos dynasty
Compte,Pere 400
Concert of Europe 538
Conrad Ⅲ,king of Germany 319
Constance,queen of Aragon 351
Constance,queen of Sicily 327-8
Constantine Ⅰ,Roman emperor 19,219-20,227
Constantine Ⅺ,Byzantine emperor 384
Constantine,Algeria 540-41
Constantinople 219,221,227,234,235,242,349,354
1453 siege 384
after the Great War 583
and Alfonso V of Aragon 384
and Amalfi 269
as a centre of Muslim sea power 424
fall in the Fourth Crusade(1204) 329-30,332
fall to Mehmet the Conqueror 383
Gracia Nasi and 443
Hagia Sophia 283
and the Islamic world 245,246,247,251
as link between Mediterranean and the Black Sea 285
massacre of Italians(1182) 324,329
Michael Palaiologos’s recapture 330,331
Gracia Nasi and 442
Joseph Nasi and 444
Russian‘Great Idea’for 508
Venetians in 458
and Venice 256,330
Contardo,Ingheto 341
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species 640
Copenhagen,battle of 520
copper 12,15-16,17,19,33,34,35,92
from Cyprus 70
Etruscan 109
Phoenician 69,70
Sardinia 123
Tartessian 79
weapons 20
Coptic Archaeological Society 591
Copts 245
of Cairo 258
Córdoba 248,249
Corfu xxx,305,319,329,525
Channel 614-15
and the Ottomans 419,518
see also Kerkyra
Corinth 89,95-9,110,189,236
attack by Roger Ⅱ 319
Gulf of 97,285,449
people of see Corinthians
and Syracuse 98,172
trade routes 95,98-9
Venetian trade with 285
Corinthians
and the Kerkyrans 141-2
pottery 87,95,96,101;in Sardinia 122
slaves 95
trade with Carthaginians 97
see also Corinth
Coron 419,538
Corsica 114,382,514,621
Arab invasion 250
and the British 514-15
Geiseric in 233
and the Genoese 514,515
Ionian colony in 124
Phokaians and 126
in World War Ⅱ 610,611
Cosa 177,201,217
Cosimo Ⅰ,Duke 464
Cosquer grotto 4
Cossacks 479
Côte d’Azur 632,635
Cotrugli,Benedetto 390
cotton 323,359,374,437,477,560,573
Courmenin,Louis des Hayes,Baron de 477
cremation 81,108,129
Cretans
Cretan War(1645-1669) 484-5
fresco painting 37
grain 483
Greek 565-6;Orthodox 458,485-6
hand-axes 3
pirates 163,195
pottery 236
trade networks 485
see also Crete
Crete
1368 rebellion 377
after the fall of Constantinople 330-31
Bronze Age 16-17,22-8
Byzantium and 236
Caphtor and the Philistines 56-57
Cretan War(1645-1669) 484-5
Evans and the‘palace of Minos at Knossos’ 565,566
governed by Egypt(1830-40) 565-6
Greek Orthodoxy in 458,485-6
Islam in 485-6
Minoan 22-7,28,29-31,566
Mycenaean 29-35,47
Neolithic 8,9
and the Ottomans 448,483-6,565-6,588
people of see Cretans
and Pharaonic Egypt 38
and the Venetians 331,377,483-5
World War Ⅱ 608
Crimea 355,368,378,510
Croatians
pirates 439,440
Uskoks 439,449,454-7
Croesus(Kroisos),king of Lydia 134
Cromwell,Oliver 481,488,490
cruises 637
crusaders 280,348
Crusades 287-93
First Crusade 270,287-91
Second Crusade 318-19
Third Crusade 297,325
Fourth Crusade 329-30,331,349
Fifth Crusade 348
and commercial revolution 293-303
cuisines 628-9
Cumae see Kyma
Curzola,battle of 355
Curzon,George Nathaniel,Marquis 585
Cybele 213
Cyclades 7,13-14,352
Bronze Age 15-18,27-8
Cycladic art 17-18
Cyclopes(Homer) 88
Cyprus 35,55,305,358-9,414,623-5
under the Assyrians 70,132
and the British 567,568,605,623-4,628,633
Byzantium and 236
Cleopatra and 197
deforestation ⅹⅹⅹ
Delian League in 141
Egyptians and 132
and the EU 639
Euboian ties 91
foreign retirement problems in 632
Genoese rights in 377
granaries 70
and Greece,enôsis movement 613,623,624
Greek Cypriots 567-9,623,624-5
invasion by Mamluks 392
and Joseph Nasi 446
Komnenos family in 329
Mycenaean refugees 54
Mycenaean trade with 33
Mycenaeans,Hittites and 47
Neolithic 8-9
and the Ottomans 446-51,567-9
pottery 38
refugees from Acre 349
Richard I’s capture of 325
and the Sea Peoples 52
tourism 631,632,633,636-7
as a trading transit point 36
Turkish Cypriots 568-9,623,624-5
and the Venetians 446-7,451,458
Cyrenaica 97,135,245
Jewish rebellion in 208-9,216
Cyriac of Ancona 380
Cyrus,king of Persia 134
Czartoryski,Adam Jerzy 521
Czechoslovakia 616
Daimbert of Pisa 292
Dalmatia 210-11,233,252,253,254,373,376,377,389,539,613,615
Dubrovnik see Dubrovnik
Uskoks 439,449,454-7
Dama de Elche 129-30
Damascus 620
Damietta 297,348,508
damming,North Africa 204
Danawoi 52
Dandolo,Andrea 254
Dandolo family 299,360
Danes 478,492,528
Daniel,book of 134
Danites 52,58-59
d’Annunzio,Gabriele 601-2
Dardanelles(Hellespont) 20,135,147,376,484,522,538,578-80
and the Russians 510,511
Dardanians 41,52
Darius Ⅰ,king of Persia 135
Darius Ⅲ,king of of Persia 149
Darlan,Admiral Jean François 606,609-10
Dartmouth,William Legge,1st Earl 494
Datini,Francesco di Marco 373-5
David,Elizabeth 628
David,king of Israel 57,59
de Gaulle,Charles 621
de Lesseps,Ferdinand see Lesseps,Ferdinand,Vicomte de
de Malla family 345
Decatur,Stephen 534-5,536
Decius,Gaius Messius 217
decolonization
British 622-5;Gibraltar 625-7
French 621
deforestation ⅹⅹⅹ,234
Delacroix,Eugène 538,546
Delian League 139,140-41,142
Delos 138,139,164-5,201,205
Delphi 95,96,113,114,125,132,380
decline during sixth century 236
Oracle 32,136
Demaratos of Corinth 98,99,104
Demeter 130,171
Demetrios of Phaleron 159,160
Demetrios Palaiologos 384
Demetrios,Seleucid king 163
democracy 135,138,139,613
democrats and aristocrats,Peloponnesian War 141-2
lost to tyrants 168-70
Denia 336
Denmark 520
Denyen 50-51,52
Derne 535
‘Desert Rats’609
deys 528,529,531,535,540
dhimmis 244-5
Diana culture 13
Dido,queen of Carthage 74-5,189-90
diet see food
Diocletian,Roman emperor 226-7
Diodoros the Sicilian 79,163
diolkos (slipway) 95,97
Dionysios Ⅰ of Syracuse 98-9,130,168,170-71
Dionysios of Halikarnassos 98,102-3,104
Dionysos(god) 105-6
Dioskorides 266-7
Disraeli,Benjamin 554,570
Diversis,Philippus de 389
divination 113
Dodecanese islands 577,601,611,629
Dominicans 341,379-80,406,439
Don John of Austria 448,449,451,472
Donatists 217,220
Dönme sect 482
Dor 39,41
Doria,Andrea 419,420,421,428
Doria,Gian Andrea 428-9,447
Doria,Pietro 377
Doria family of Genoa 275
Dorians 53,83
and the Peloponnesian War 145
Doublet,Pierre Jean 517
Dragut(Turgut) 428,430
dried fruits 340,355,358,366,378,393,400,404,460,466,485,511,528,584
Druze warriors 305
Držić,Marin 439
Dual Control Commission,Anglo-French 554-5
dualism 332
Dubrovnik(Ragusa) 323,332,388-91,401,423,438-9,440,442,448,532 539
and Ancona 437,438
inhabitants see Ragusans
and the Russians 521-2
tourism 637
and the Uskoks 457
wool trade 389-90,439
Dunkerque (French ship) 606
Duran,David 531
Durazzo 385,388,448,582
see also Dyrrhachion;Epidamnos
Durrell,Lawrence 589,591,623
Durrës see Durazzo;Dyrrhachion;Epidamnos
Dutch 463 see also Holland
and English 462,467,488,493,495
and Genoa 468
grain trade 466
and Livorno trade 465,466
navies 463
seamen 454
tourists 633
and Venetians 460,461
Dyrrachium see Durazzo;Dyrrhachion;Epidamnos
Dyrrhachion 235-6,269,283,285,324,350
see also Durazzo;Epidamnos
early man,pre-Neolithic 3-8
earthquakes 27-8,45,164,438-9
Eaton,William 531-2,535
ebony 37,158,310
Ecija 405
economy
agricultural 204
Alexandrian 155-6
Atlantic 440-41,453-4,505
Baltic 505
and the Black Death 366-9
boom in the sixteenth century 436-9
Byzantine 238,285,294
and China 640
domination by cities 357-8
economic recovery(redreç ) 399,401
Egyptian 155-6,537
European economic crisis 629
European economic network 323
Genoese 392
global 640
Greek 639
Italian capital 400
and the Japanese 638
Mediterranean 97;growing complexity and disintegration 226,227
Mediterranean Union economic objectives 639
North Sea 505
northern European economies 440
redreç /economic recovery 399
of Salonika 598
Spanish 634;Genoa and Spanish finances 468
specialization and the Mediterranean economy 373
and tourism 633-4
transformations after the Black Death 373,399,401,404
Tunisian 576
Valencian 404
Venetian 457-8
voluntary limitation of economic growth 639
Eden,Anthony 618,619
Edessa 318
Edicts of Toleration 559
Edward Ⅳ,king of England 396,403
Edwin (US ship) 535
EEC(European Economic Community) 621
Egadian islands 5
Punic naval battle off 182
Egeria 644
Egesta see Segesta
Egypt ⅹⅹⅸ,14,22
and Alexander the Great 149-52
Alexandria see Alexandria
Arab seizure of power(revolution of 1952) 617,618
under Ayyubids 296-7
and the British 550,554-5,579,619
Cairo see Cairo
and Constantinople 227,242
economy 155-6,537
European imports in the thirteenth century 326
Fatimid 291,296-8,324-5;see also Fatimids
French fascination with ancient Egypt 547-8
government of Crete(1830-40) 565-6
grain trade 157,158,164,203,204,227,242
incident with Pisan merchants 297-8
irrigation 376
under Ismail Pasha 551-2
Israel and:ancient Israelites 58;modern state of Israel 618-20
and James Ⅱ of Aragon 345
Jewish rebellion in 208-9,216
and the Karimis 296
and the kingdom of Jerusalem 348
late Roman 227
Libyan invasions of 48-50
Mamluks in 349,355,392,397
Muhammad Ali and 537-40
Muslim conquest 245
and Napoleon 515-16
under Nasser 618-20
Ottoman 485,518,545-8
people of see Egyptians
Pharaonic 36-41,48-53,63,132;and Crete 38;Hyksos dynasty 37,38
Ptolemaic 152-64,188,197-200
and the Romans 197-200,208-9
Sea Peoples’invasion of 50-53,55
Suez Canal see Suez Canal
and Syria 35-6,38,39-41
taxation 297
timber 37,39,40,263,297,537,643
and Tyre 68-9
and Ugarit 35-6
Egyptians
in Ascalon 292-3
ceramics 280
and Cyprus 132
navy/warships 51,156,163,293
papyrus 156-7,161
in Puteoli 206
trade routes to Tyrrhenian Sea 93-4
see also Egypt
Eilat 619
Eisenhower,Dwight D.609,619
Eknomos,battle of 181-2
Ekron 56,57
Ekwesh 49,52
El Alamein 609
Elba 109,115,334,383,416
Elche bust 129-30
Eleonora of Arborea 362
Eliadar,wife of Solomon of Salerno 301,302
Eliott,George Augustus 509
Elissa(Dido) 74-5
Elizabeth Ⅰ,queen of England 453,459,477
Elizabeth Ⅱ,British queen 622,626
Elliott,John 402
Elymians 76,145,167
Emborio 53,54
Embriaco family 290-91,305,315
emperor worship 213,220
Emporion 110-11,124,126,128,185
Empúries see Emporion
Enfantin,Barthélemy-Prosper 546-8
England
and Catholic Spain 453,459
and the Genoese 396-7
Mediterranean trade with 347
people of see English
Philip Ⅱ’s wars with Elizabeth Ⅰ 453
trade in the sixteenth century 459-61
see also Britain/the British
English
changing alliances between Spain and France 488
conflicts with Spaniards 489-90
and Dutch 462,467,488,493,495
and Gibraltar 490,494-8
pirates 461
shipping 396-7
and Tangier 491-4
trade in Turkey 499-500
and Venetians 459,460-61
war fleets 488
see also Britain/the British;England
Enkomi 35
Enna 282
Enrico Pescatore 328
environmental pollution 637,640
EOKA(Ethniki Organôsis Kypriôn Agonistôn ) 623
Epeiros 55,330
Ephesos 236
Epicureans 305
Epidamnos 98,117,141-2
see also Durazzo;Dyrrhachion
Epirus see Epeiros
Eraclea 253
Eratosthenes 47,162
Eretria 90,91
Eryx(Erice)shrine 76
Ethniki Organôsis Kypriôn Agonistôn (EOKA) 623
Etruria 63,77,79,94,95,100,107,183,562
Eastern influences 111
engagements against pirates 195
people of see Etruscans
Tarquinia see Tarquinia
trade routes 95,101,110
Etruscans 52,63,72,77,83,90,94,100-118
alphabet 93,110
art 100,103,111,112
bronzes 124
and Corinthian pottery 96
ethnic origins 101-5
influence on La Tène culture 125
language 104
migration 101-5,108,117
and the Peloponnesian War 146
Phoenician trade 111
and Phokaians 114
pirates 63,72,105-6,109
political relations with Greeks 113-16,125
pottery 78,109,110,112-13;in Massalia 124;in Sardinia 122
and Romans 175
sexual behaviour 105
soothsayers 113,220
tombs 100,101,104,108,111-12,114,117,563
trade with Carthaginians 101,115
trade with Greeks 110-11
Villanovan culture 108-10,113
see also Etruria
EU(European Union) 625,629,638-9,640
Euboia 75,77,90-91,94-5,135
Athens and 140,141
marble 222
Euboians 75,89-95
Lelantine War 94-5
pottery 87,92
Euclid 152,162
Eudoxia,Empress 221,222
Eugénie of France,Empress 552
Euripides 146,160
European Economic Community(EEC) 621
European Union(EU) 625,629,638-9,640
Evans,Sir Arthur 26,565,566
Exarchate of Ravenna 252,253
Exekias 105-6
Eynan(Ayn Mallaha) 8
Ezekiel 68
Fabri,Felix 379-80
Fabriano paper 437
Falangists 604
Falastin (newspaper) 594,596
Famagusta 358,359,446,447-8,449,451,624
famines 367
Farouk,king of Egypt 617
Fascism 601-4,611
‘Fat Lady of Saliagos’ 18
Fatimids 270,279,289,293,296-8,301,324-5
fauna 6,7
Fayyum 14
Fayyum,Lake 38
Felsina 117
see also Bologna
Ferdinand Ⅰ,duke of Tuscany 466-7
Ferdinand Ⅰ,king of Aragon 405
Ferdinand Ⅱ,king of Aragon 387,398,405,406,408-10,415,420
Ferdinand Ⅳ,king of Naples 524,525
Fernando,brother of Henry the Navigator 396
Ferrante Ⅰ,king of Naples 387,396,398
Ferrante Ⅱ,king of Naples 388,406
Ferrara 358,406,442
fertility cults 11,18,154
Fibonacci,Leonardi 332
Fifth Monarchy Men 481
Finley,Moses 88,97
fish ⅹⅹⅷ,76,641
of the Adriatic marshlands 252,253
and the Mediterranean diet 629
over-fishing 640
preservation 76,641-2
sauce 76,97,202,206,247,641
stocks xxx
trade in 389,396,460
transport 401
tuna-fishing 10,19,76,640,641
Fisher,John Arbuthnot,1st Baron 579
Fiskardo 284
Fiume(Rijeka) 601-2
Flanders 295,346,411,441-2,447
Venetian trade with 379
flax 263,264,279,297
FLN(Front de Libération Nationale ) 621,622
flora 6
Florence 327,356-7,358,383,632
Jewish ghetto 464
people of see Florentines
Florentines 327,437
bankers 351
banks 375
cloth trade 437,438
Jews 464
Medici 403
shipping 404,437
see also Florence
Fondi 418
fonduks 298-9,325,345,346,348,369,645
food
dried fruits see dried fruits
grain see grain trade
Mediterranean cuisines 628-9
on package holidays 635
rationing 628
and sea transport 202
spice trade see spice trade
warship diets 427,463
Forrestal,James 616
Forster,E.M.591-2,632
Fortis(Pisan pirate) 329
Forum Julii 210
see also Fréjus
Fos-sur-Mer 247
France
Charlemagne’s defence of 250
dominating Ottoman trade 585
and the EEC 621
French Revolutionary War 513-20
Hellenization of southern France 125
Jewish emigration to 598,617
and NATO 620
people of see French
Provence see Provence
spice trade 397
tin of southern France 123,124
tourism 636
Vichy 606-7,610
Francesco Ⅰ,duke of Tuscany 464
Franchthi cave 7
Francis Ⅰ,king of France 418-19,420-23,644
Franciscans 342,439
Franco,Francisco 604,605,621,625-6
frankincense 158,165
Franks 247,250,251-4,255,311,324-5,326,342,349
Franz Josef,emperor of Austria 552,558
Fraxinetum 250
Frederick Ⅰ,Barbarossa,German emperor 300,302
Frederick Ⅱ of Hohenstaufen,German emperor and king of Sicily 328,331,349,350,361,366
free ports 164,201,436-7,464-8,559
Fréjus 302
Forum Julii 210
French
and Aigues-Mortes 358
and Algeria 530,540-41,573-4,621-2
alliance with Italians against Turkish threat 365
in Barcelona 441
and the British 606
contraction of control in Mediterranean 617-18,619
cultural imperialism 570
decolonization 621
and Egypt’s threat to Israel 619
fascination with ancient Egypt 547-8
Franco-Turkish alliance 418-19,420-23,475
Hallstatt culture 125
and the ideal of progress 549
invasion of Catalonia 352
in Italy under Louis Ⅻ 409
Levant trade 499
and Minorca 498,501-3
Napoleonic Wars 513,522-3,524-6
navy/fleets 423,514,523,581,606
and the Ottomans 418-19,420-23,475,539,546-8
Revolutionary War 513-20
in Salonika 598
Seven Years War 501-3
and Smyrna 585
and the Suez Canal 548-9,550,553,554-5
tourism 633
trading networks 397
in Tunisia 574,576,621
World War Ⅰ 581
World War Ⅱ 606-7,609,610,611-12
xenophobia in southern France 622
see also France
Friuli 387
Front de Libération Nationale (FLN) 621,622
Fufluns 644
funerary rites 18,93,105,114
Fustat(Old Cairo) 258-60,263
Amalfitans in 270
Gaddafi,Muammar al-622
Gadir 78
Gaeta 268,269
Galata 354
Galen 152
Galicians 396
Galilee 407
Galissonière,Roland-Michel Barrin de la 502
galley slaves 425-7,435
Gallipoli 366
campaign 579-80
Gamaliel 224
García de Toledo,Don 433
garon/garum sauce 76,97,202,206,247,641
Gaul 246,247
Visigothic rule of southern Gaul 233
Gaza 56,221-2,237,618-19,638
bubonic plague 368
Gaza Strip 56
Geddes,Patrick 595-6
Geiseric 230-31,233
Gela 167-8,172
Gelidonya wreck 33
Gelimer,King 232
Gelon 114,137
gender 643-4
Genizah collection 258-9,260-61,265,281,296
Genizah Jews of Cairo 258-9,262,263-4,266,279,295-6,646
Genoa 237,271,301,346,358,420
as banker to the Spanish empire 441
Black Death 369
economy 392
as a free port 467-8
government of 276-7
and the Jews 296,406
people of see Genoese
and the Visconti lords of Milan 376
War of Chioggia 376-8
Genoese 272-8,286,305,467-9
in Acre 325-6
and Alfonso V of Aragon 382-3
alliance with Spain 412,468
and the Almohads 298
alum 392-3
in Barcelona 441
and the Black Death 367-8,369
and Catalans 361,382
and Chios 366,414,446
compagna 276-7,290
cooks 628
and Corsica 514,515
and the Crusades 290-92,331,349
and the English 396-7
and Frederick Ⅱ of Sicily 349
on Gibraltar 497
grain trade 347-8,355-6,392
and Henry,count of Malta 331
in Majorca 338
massacre in Constantinople(1182) 324,329
merchants 277,278,298-9,301-3,341,344,358,441
in North Africa 298-9
and the Ottomans 392-3
pirates 328-9,331
and Pisans 273,274,275,278-9,305,334
and Sardinia 273,274-5
in Seville 412
shipping 315,316-17,347-8,360,378,404
and Sicily 322-3,328
slave trade 355
and Syracuse 328
trade networks 271,354
and Venetians 325-6,331,355,366,376-8
see also Genoa
Georg,Meister 386
George Ⅰ,king of Greece 578
George Ⅲ,British king 515
George Ⅵ,British king 608,610
George of Antioch,admiral 319,321
George of Darmstadt-Hesse,Prince 495,496
George,prince of Greece 566
George Washington (US ship)533
Germaine of Foix,queen of Aragon 410
Germanic peoples
barbarians 208,226,229,230-33
Lombards 237,253
warfare with Slav peoples 248
Germans
at the beginning of the twentieth century 577
German merchants ⅹⅹⅸ,277,401
Hanseatic 463,468
in Libya 576
Nazis 599,600,605-10,611,612
seamen 454
tourists 633,636
U-boats 582,609
World War Ⅰ 582
World War Ⅱ 605,606-10,611,612.
see also Germanic peoples;Germany
Germany
and the‘kingdom of Italy’ 275
Nazi 605-10,611,612
people of see Germans
Rosicrucian enlightenment 481
Gezer 35,56
Ggantija 11
Ghaylan,Abdallah 492,494
Ghent 347
ghettos 438-9,442,443,458,464,559,599,646
Ghibellines 351,365
Giacometti,Alberto 123
Gibbon,Edward 226
Gibellet 305
Gibraltar 364,394,398,490,494-8,509,605,625-7
Jews 497-8,536 Neanderthals 3-4
Straits of 71,78,363-4,366,395,398,557
Gibraltar Woman 3
Giornata (trading company) 531
Giovanni Scriba(‘John the Scribe’) 278
Giraud,Henry 610
Giraud family 585
Giustiniani,Niccolò 415
goddesses
earth-goddesses 57,213
Egyptian 199,212-13
Etruscan 111
Great/Mother Goddess 11,12,18,213
Greek 31-2,101,171
Minoan 26
Mycenaean 32
Phoenician 70,101,111,130
Godfrey of Bouillon 290
gods
Anatolian 104
Canaanite 57,644
Carthaginian 171;see also Melqart
Egyptian 154,209
Etruscan 644
existence of pagan gods denied by Jews and Christians 213
God of Israel 199
Greek 31-2,101,105-6,130,138,150,154,165,644
Mycenaean 32
Persian 135
personification of 154
Philistine 57
Phoenician 73,75,101,645
posing as merchants 88
Roman mixture of 209
sea-gods 22,73,85,165,644
storm-gods 104
sun-gods 37
see also specific gods
Goitein,Shlomo Dov 259,266
Golan Heights 619
gold
Alexandria and 156,158
Byzantine 242
Castile and 411
coins 236,237,247,255,263,270,302,308,327,358,402
dust 279,298
Egyptian 37
of Florentine businessmen 327
Guinea trade 411
Libyan 48
Mycenaean 29,32
New World 468
of the Sahara 263
Tartessian 79
Trojan 21,22
Golden Horn 285,294,354,578
Goliath 57
Gonzaga,Giulia 418
González de Córdoba,Fernando 409
Gortyna 236
Gothic Wars 235
Goths 229,230,232,234,235
Gozo 10,11,415,428
Gracchus,Tiberius 200
Grado 252,253
grain trade ⅹⅹⅸ,28,70,144,202-4,642
African 203
Alexandria 157,158-9
Apulian grain 351,357,358
Athens 139-40,146,147-8,158,172-3
Baltic grain 440,466
Black Sea traffic 140,355,368,511
and bubonic plague 368
Byzantine 236
Catalan 346,347-8,356
Corinth 285
and Crete 483
and the Dutch 466
Egyptian 157,158,164,200,203,204,227,242
Florentine 356-7
following the Black Death 373
Genoese 347-8,355-6,392
grain ships 202-3,205
in the Islamic world 263
in the late sixteenth century 437-8
Moroccan 298,392
and north European merchants 454
Ostia 207-8
Puteoli 207
Rome 175,195,200-205,207-8,227;and pirates 196
Sicilian grain 144,172-3,179,186,263,279,319,322-3,346,356,392,436,468,527-8
between Sicily and Athens 172-3
taxation 186
Vandal control of 233
Venice 285,358
Granada
Black Death 368
conquest by Ferdinand and Isabella 408,409
Moriscos of 471-4
Muslim kings of 363-4
Nasrid 334,347,393,395,404
Grand Tours 562,564,632
Great Britain see Britain/the British
‘Great Green’ 38
Great/Mother Goddess 11,12,18,213
Greece 53-55,117
and Austrian trade with the Turks 539
the British and Greeks 564,586-7
civil war(1943) 611
Communist insurgency 612,613
conflicts with Turks in the nineteenth century 538-9
and Cyprus,enôsis 613,623,624
Andrea Doria in 419
early contact with Sicily 33
economic collapse 639
Etruscan trade 110-11
Greco-Turkish wars 538,586-8
Greek art 89,167,562-3
and Greek Cypriots 567-9,623,624-5
Greek fleets 538,588
Greek nationalism 568-9,623
Greek pottery 75,77,108,113;Attic 113,126;Helladic 33,35,43,53;in Massalia 124,125;Mycenaean 34,35,43,46,51,54,56;in Sardinia 122
Greeks in Alexandria 589-90,591
Greeks in Smyrna 584,586-7
Greeks of Salonika 570,571-2
Greeks servicing trade in the sixteenth century 459
Hellas 95,114-15,132-3,134,137,142,171,564
migrations into southern Greece 54-55
and NATO 620
northern Greece and the second Punic War 186
Persian invasion 132-7
raids by Roger Ⅱ 319
romantic assumptions about 564
under Slav rule 234
trade network with Asia Minor 55
Vandal raids on 233
Venice and Greek corsairs 510-11
Greek civilizations/cultures
Athenian see Athenians
Dorian 53
Euboian see Euboians
first contact with Italian lands 89-94
Greek Cypriots 567-9
Hellenic identity 83,132
hellenization of Spain 126-30
and Iberians 128-31
Ionian see Ionians
Minoan see Minoan civilization
Mycenaean see Mycenaeans
Phoenician relations 63,64,79,90
Phokaian see Phokaians
political relations with Etruscans 113-16,125
in Sicily 282
in southern Italy 123
Spartan see Spartans
the wanderers:heirs of Odysseus(800 BC-550 BC)83-99
Greek Orthodox Church 354,623
in Crete 458,485-6
relationship with the papacy 282-3
Gregorios,governor of Sicily 250
Gregory of Tours 237
Gregory Ⅶ,Pope 344
Grimaldi family 360
Grivas,George 623
Grove,Alfred,and Rackham,Oliver ⅹⅹⅸ-ⅹⅹⅹ
Guelfs 351
Guglielmo Grasso 329
Guiscard,Robert 281-2,283,284,294,324
‘Gulf of the Lion’ ⅹⅹⅷ
Gylippos 146
Ha-Levy,Judah 259
habiru 48,58
Habsburgs 378,410,417,420,456,494,495,521,557-8,559
hadith 341
Hadrian,Roman emperor 208,216,382
Hadumar 250
Haganah 616,617
Haifa 292,598,616-17
Bay 605
Halfon ben Nethanel 264
Halikarnassos,Mausoleum 386
Hallstatt culture 125
Hamas 638
Harriet Bashaw 535
Hamilcar(Carthaginian commander in western Sicily) 173
Hamilcar(d.480 bc) 167
Hamilcar Barca 184
Hamilton,Sir William 562
hamsin ⅹⅹⅷ
Hannibal 184,185,186,187
Hapag Lloyd 633
harems 248,644
Harris,Sir James 509-10
Harun ar-Rashid 252
al-Hasan,emir of of Mahdia 319-20
al-Hasan ibn Muhammad al-Wazzan(Leo Africanus) 381
Hasday ibn Shaprut 266-7
Hasdrubal 172,184,185
Hatti 21,22
Hazor 67
Hebrews 48,58-59,66-7,70,280
see also Israel;Jews
Helladic pottery 33,35,43,53
Hellas 95,114-15,132-3,134,137,142,171,564
see also Greece
Hellenism,opposition to Judaism 153
Hellenistic culture 152,162,199,211,213
and the modification of religious beliefs 213
Hellenistic philosophy 162
Hellespont 135,147
see also Dardanelles
Henry,count of Malta 328,330-31
Henry Ⅲ,king of France 423
Henry Ⅳ,king of France 475
Henry,king of Portugal 453
Henry,prince of Castile 344
Henry the Navigator 393
Henry Ⅵ,German emperor and king of Sicily 327,328
Herakles 74,645
Heraklion see Candia
Herceg Novi 390,438,511
Hercegovina 390
Bosnia-Hercegovina 440
Herculaneum 562
Hermapollo (Egyptian ship) 158
Hermes 165
Herod Agrippa Ⅰ,ruler of Judaea 205
Herodotos 72,79,98,101,102-3,106,111,114,123-4,132,133,134
Herzl,Theodor 592
Herzliya Gymnasium,Tel Aviv 595
Hesiod 86,87,90,126
Hesperides,Garden of 126
hides,animal 40,437,439,532
on ships 283,284,300
Hieron of Syracuse 114,115,178,179,182-3,186
Hillel 222
Himera 114,167
tyrant of 130
Himilco 170
Hippo 230,231
Hiram,king of Tyre 66-7,69
Hisarllk 19,20,42,45
see also Troy
Hitler,Adolf 605,606,609,610
Hittites 41,43-5,46,50,51
Hohenstaufen 325,327,328,331,351
Holaies the Phokaian 106-7
Holland 461,463
Calvinist 493
people of see Dutch
see also Netherlands
Holocaust 599
Holy Grail 291
Holy Land 269,293,303,348-9
and the Crusades see Crusades
Jewish pilgrims 304
pilgrimage to 379-80
see also Israel;Palestine
Holy Leagues 365,419-20,421,447,448,449,450-51
Homer 20,23,32,42,43,44,52,58,63,68,75,88,95,645
and Alexander the Great 150
Iliad 19,30,86
Odyssey 85-6,87,88-9,513,150
Homeric Hymns 90,105
Hompesch,Ferdinand von 516,517
honey 68,114,139,157,225,401,465,485
Hood,Samuel,1st Viscount 513-14,515
Horace,poet 102,199
Horden,Peregrine and Purcell,Nicholas ⅹⅹⅸ-ⅹⅹⅴ,ⅹⅹⅶ
Horns of Hattin 325
horse-breeding 117
Horthy,Miklós 581
Hospitallers see Knights Hospitallers
Hoxha,Enver 613-15,636
human sacrifice 25,28,46,75,78
child 66,75,76,81-2
Phoenician 81-2
Humbert of Silva Candida,Cardinal 283
Hunyadi,John,king of Hungary 383
Husayni,Amin al-,Grand Mufti of Jerusalem 604
Hussein Ⅰ,king of Jordan 620
Hydra 538
Hyères 632
Hyksos dynasty 37,38
hypogea 10-11
Iberians 78-9,128-31,167
absorption into Syracusan forces 170
alphabet and script 129
art 129-30
Celtiberians 184,186
Greek and Carthaginian interaction with 128-31
and Hamilcar 184
pottery 130
Roman captives 192
tombs 129,130
Ibiza 78,97,339
gay tourism 636
salt 346
see also Balearic islands
Ibn al-‘As,‘Amr 244
Ibn al-Athir 279
Ibn al-Hawas 281-2
Ibn ath-Thimnah 282
Ibn Hammud 302-3
Ibn Jubayr,Muhammad ibn Ahmad 307-15
Ibn Khurdadbih,Abu’l Qasim 248
Ibrahim Pasha,Grand Vizier 418
ice caps 6
idols 18
Ilios 19,44,45
see also Troy
Illustrious ,HMS 607
Illyria 522
IMRO(Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation) 571
India 515-16
trade with Alexandria 158,207
Indian Ocean 200,296,396,446,463,578
trade routes to 155,157,262,355,549-50,561,573
Indians 411-12
indigo 323,326,374,466,585
Innocent Ⅲ,Pope 331
Inquisition 405-6,442
Aragonese 405-6
banned from British territories 500
and the Moriscos 470-71
Portuguese 463-4
treatment of Protestants 461
Valencian 475
Venetian 458
insurance,maritime 402,439,457,465
Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation(IMRO) 571
Intrepid (US ship) 534
Ionia 110,123-4,135,137
people of see Ionians
Ionian isles 233,283,313,321,460,518-19,521,525
Ionian Sea 13,33,98,174,439,448
Ionians 80,83,96,111
art 112
in Corsica 124
cult of the Delian Apollo 138
and the Lydians 134
at Massalia 123-4
and the Peloponnesian War 145
and the Persians 123-4,134,135,137
relations with Etruscans 111,114
see also Ionia
Iran 245
Iraq 69,245,619
oil pipeline from 605
iron 92,94,109,300
and the Philistines 57
weapons 248
ironclads 555-6,557-8
irrigation 474
Egypt 376
North Africa 204
Isaac Ⅱ Angelos,Byzantine emperor 332
Isabella Ⅰ,queen of Castile 398,408
Isaiah 79-80
Ischia(Pithekoussai)34,89-90,92-4,95,110,268,422
Isis,cult of 199,213
Islam and the Muslim peoples 296
Almohad 296,298,299,310,322;see also Almohads
Arab capture of Carthage 246
bringing new unity across the Mediterranean 246
Byzantium and the conquests of 243-51
and Christendom:crossing the boundaries 258-70;Crusades see Crusades;mixture of Christian and Muslim soldiers in armies 344
and Christianity 244,273,340-41;Christian expansion into Muslim Mediterranean,late eleventh century 281-2;Pisa and the Muslims 279-81
converted Muslims,‘Moriscos’408,434,447,453,470-76,647
in Crete 485-6
and dhimmis 244-5
exiled Muslims struggling to retain knowledge of 408
expulsion of Muslims from Castilian lands 408
extinction of Muslim rule in Spain 408
Ferdinand Ⅱ’s war against 408,409
Greek massacre of Muslims in Tripoli 538
Islamic ceramics 280
Islamization of North African Berbers 245-6
James Ⅰ of Aragon and Muslims 339-41
view of Jesus(Isa)244
jihad 366,384
and Judaism 244,340-41
modern migrants 630
Muslim aims in the time of Muhammad 243
Muslim merchants 257,258,261-2,266,296,404,453,457,465
Muslim naval power/piracy 249,250-51,268,278-9,364,402,414,423-4
Muslim relations with Christians and Jews in Spain 340-41,404-6
Muslim slaves 308,346-7
Muslims in Salonika 598
Muslims of Valencia 339-40,341
and Ottoman expansion 414,423-4;see also Ottomans
and paganism 244
and the slave trade 246-7,248
Sunni 298,310,334
trade networks 246-7
Ismail Pasha 545,551-2,553,554-5
Isokrates 139-40
Israel 49,52,92
cult of the God of 199
Late Bronze Age 57-59
modern state of 616-17,638;and Egypt 618-20;and the Mediterranean Union 639;tourism 632-3
and Tyre 66-7
see also Hebrews;Holy Land;Palestine
Issos,battle of 149
Istanbul 354
see also Constantinople
Istria 252,601
Italian culture 439
Italian language 439
Italian Social Republic 612
Italians
Albania invasion 602-4
and the British 607
contraction of control in Mediterranean 617-18,621-2
Fascist 601-4
Gothic Wars 235
and Libya 576
merchants 164-5,183,264,270,285,291,297-8,324,332,338,349,354,441,459,646
and North Africa 574-5
and Rhodes 577
spas 632
trade routes 271,288,318,404,458;Etruria 95,101,110
and Tunisia 576
war fleets 558,582,609,611
war with Turkey 576
World War Ⅰ 581-2
World War Ⅱ 607,608,609,611-12
see also Italy
Italiote League 175-6
Italy
Adriatic lagoons and marshlands 251-4;and the emergence of Venice 254-5
Austrians in 601
Charlemagne’s defence of 250
collapse of central authority in northern Italy 275-7
divided under five powers in fifteenth century 383
and the EEC 621
Etruria see Etruria;Etruscans
Exarchate of Ravenna 252,253
Fascist 601-4,605,611-12
first Greek settlement in 89-94
Greeks in southern Italy 123
Jewish emigration to 598
Justinian and the recovery of 235
and Libya 603-4,615;Libyan refugees 629
Lombards in 237
Muslim slave-raiders in 246
Mycenaean trade with 33,34naval power 296,558
Normans in 283
people of see Italians
Prussia and the kingdom of 558
Rome and the southern Greek cities in 176-7
threats to Sicily 54
tourism 636
Venice and the politics of Renaissance Italy 412-13
see also specific cities
Ithaka 87
Ithobaal,king of Tyre 65
ivory 374
brought to Egypt 37
Cretan 23,24,26
Indian 158
Phoenician 69,79,80,110
Izmir 477,588
see also Smyrna
Jacob the Pisan 332
Jacobins 513,514
Jaffa ⅹⅹⅹⅰ,290-91,292,593-6,600,616,617
James Ⅰ‘the Conqueror’,king of Aragon 334,335,338-41,345,350
James Ⅱ,king of Aragon 345,361
James Ⅱ,king of Majorca 339,348,353
James Ⅲ,king of Majorca 362
James of Lusignan 392
Jamona 223,224,225
see also Ciutadella
Janus,king of Cyprus 392
Japanese 607,631,638
destroyers 582
economy 638
tuna imports 640
tourists 638
Jefferson,Thomas 530,532
Jennings,Asa 587-8
Jerba 86,349,352,416,428-9
Jeremiah 57
Jericho 8,58
Jerusalem 59,67,304
Amalfitans in 269,270
capture by Saladin 297,310,325
destruction of 216
and the First Crusade 270,288,289,290,291-2
Franks of the kingdom of 311
Grand Mufti(Amin al-Husayni)604
Holy Sepulchre 252,287,290,292
hospice 269
kingdom of 291,292,297,298,301,311,328,329,332,348-50
rebuilt as Aelia Capitolina 216
Temple 67,153,216;vessels 232-3
Jesolo 253
Jesus Christ 213
Monophysite view of 244
Muslim view of Isa 244
jewellery
amber 34
Egyptian 38
Etruscan 109
Phoenician 79
‘Treasure of Priam’21,565
Jews
of Adrianople 482
in Alexandria 153,161,162,215,218,224,590-91
Algerian 573-4,622
of Algiers 531
and America 535-6
in Ancona 442-3
Ashkenazi 592,593,599
attacks on 405
‘Babylonian’259-60
Bacri family 531,535,540
banished under Ferdinand Ⅱ 406
in Barcelona 340
and the Black Death 404-5
Catalan 341
in Dubrovnik 438-9
early Hebrews 48,58-59,66-7,70
under the Edicts of Toleration 559
encounter between Contardo and a rabbi 341
Epikursin 305
exiled from Spain 406-8,442-3
of Florence 464
in France 598,617
Genizah Jews of Cairo 258-9,262,263-4,266, 279,295-6,646
and Genoa 296,406ghettoes 438-9,442,443,458,464,559,599,646
on Gibraltar 497-8,536
Hellenization of 598
impact of exiles on the Mediterranean world 406-7
and James Ⅰ of Aragon 340-41
Jewish Berbers 245-6
Jewish diaspora 215-16,476-83
Jewish rebellion(115-16)208-9,216
Jewish relations with Christians and Muslims in Spain 340-41,404-6
Jewish revolt in Palestine(132-6)216
Karaite 260
in Majorca 340,646
maritime 218-19
mass conversions of 223-5,405,441
Mediterranean fifteenth-century 404-8
merchants 199,248-9,258-9,262-4,266,279,295-6,437,438,443,457,531,646,647
of Minorca 223-5,500
Nazism and the Holocaust 599,617
and Ottomans 407
in Palestine 215,216;in the twentieth century 592-600,616-17,620
pilgrims 304
Ponentine 437,458,464-5
Portuguese 441,443,477-8
Radhanites 248
and the rise of the Italians 296
Roman treatment of 213,214-17
in Rome 194,199
of Salonika 569-72
in Salonika 598-9
Sephardic 260,407-8,437,438-9,443,444,458,464,467,470,476-83,486,569-72,599,647
and the slave trade 248-9
of Smyrna 584-5
of Toledo 404
trade networks of the diaspora 443
of Trani 342
of Trieste 559-60
of Tripoli 538
of Tunis 531-2
Tunisian 260
in Turkey 482
in Valencia 404,405,408
and Venice 296,458
Zionist 592,596
see also Israel;Judaism
jihad 366,384
Jijelli 417
Joanna Ⅱ,quuen of Naples 382
John Ⅱ Komnenos,Byzantine emperor 293,294
John Ⅱ,king of Aragon 399
John Ⅵ Kantakouzenos,Byzantine emperor 366
Jonah 79
Jordan 619,620
Joseph Ⅰ,Holy Roman Emperor 497
Joseph Ⅱ,Holy Roman Emperor 559
Josephus 74,203,216
Jouktas,Mount 25,28
Juan,Prince of Asturias 410
Judaism
Almohad sect and 296
Christianity and the assertiveness of 222-5
Christianity’s rift with 213-14,217
cult of the God of Israel brought to Rome 199
Day of Atonement 598
and Hellenism 153
and Islam 244,340-41
Jewish relations with Christians and Muslims in Spain 340-41,404-6
Kabbalah 342,407,479,482
rabbinic 217,218-19
under Roman rule 214-17
Sabbath travel 262
and the synagogue of Ostia 212
Julian(the Apostate)220-21
Julius Ⅱ,Pope 416
Juno 206
Jupiter 206
Justin 125
Justinian Ⅰ,Roman emperor 221,235
Kabbalah 342,407,479,482
Kadesh,battle of 41,42,48
Kahina,Queen 245-6
Kallimachos of Cyrene 160
Kaminia 106
Kane,Richard 499,500
Karamanli,Yussuf 531
Karimis 296
Kastellórizo 384
Katsamba 25
Katzones,captain 510-11
Kemal Atatürk,Mustafa 583,585,586,587
Kenamun tomb 35
Kenchreai 95
Kephalonia 284,352,409,460,611,637
Kerkennah 352
Kerkyra(Corfu)86,87,98,99,141-2,174
Kesselring,Albert 607
Khan al-‘Umdan 310
Khirokitia 8-9
kibbutz movement 592
Kimon 141
Kipling,Rudyard 545
Kition 70,74,91
Kittim see Kition
Kleon 144
Knights Hospitallers 269,364,365,366,386,414,415,416,431,445
Knights of Malta 269,415,422,428,429,432,433,434,435,436,468,517,518,519;and the Russians 512-13;Sovereign Military Order of Malta 269
Knights of Santo Stefano 452,462
Knights Templars 300
Knossos 9,23-6,28,29,31,38
Evans and the‘palace of Minos’at 565,566
palace 24-6
Kolaios of Samos 79,126
Komnene,Anna 283-4
Komnenos dynasty
Alexios I Komnenos 283,284-5,293
Andronikos I Komnenos 324
John Ⅱ Komnenos 293,294
Manuel Ⅰ Komnenos 294,300,319,322,324,328,329
Komnenos family,post-imperial 329
Korčula 448
battle of 355
Kosmos 300
Kotor(Cattaro)385,438,521,581,582,613
Bay of Kotor 390,457,511,521
Kotruljević,Benedetto 390
Kouass 97
Kourion 568
Kroisos(Croesus),king of Lydia 134
Küçük Kaynarca,Treaty of 508
Kurzolaris islands 450
Kyma(Cumae)90,110
battle of 114-15,116
Kypselos 96
Kythnos 17
La Tène culture 125
Lacco Ameno 92-3
Lachish 35
Ladino language 407,570
Lambert,Frank 529
Lampedusa 250,629
Languages,ancient
Canaanite 36,65
Etruscan 104
Luvian 27,43
Lydian 104
Sard 119-20
Languedoc 125,126,332,335,358,404
Laodicea 237
Las Navas de Tolosa 334
Lauria,Roger de 351,352
Lausanne,Treaty of 588
Lawrence,D.H.100,112,638
Lawrence,T.E.592
le Paulin,French ambassador 423
Lear,Tobias 535
Lebanon 35-6,293,617,619,639
Lechaion 95,96,285
Lefkandi 91
Lelantine War 94-5
Lemnos 20,106,107,135,140,143,385
Leo Africanus 381
Leo Ⅳ,Pope 268
Leo Ⅹ,Pope 268,381
Leontini 145
Lepanto 426,451,452
Lepidus 197
Lesbos 83,140,143-4,415,420
Lesseps,Ferdinand,Vicomte de 546,549,550,551,552-3,554
Leukas 174
Levant Company 459-60,477,478
Levant trade ⅹⅹⅸ,35,311,379,397,400,437,440,445,459,469
England’s 505
and the French 499
Levant Fairs 595
Levantine merchants of Smyrna 585
and Minorca 502
spice trade see spice trade
Turkey Company/Levant Company 459-60,477,478
Venice and 378,457,458
Levantine Jews 437,458
Levanzo cave paintings 5-6,7
Lewis,Bernard 244
Libya 576,615-16,622,638
Italy and 603-4,615,629
Libyans 48-50,166-7
refugees 629
see also Libya
lighthouse of Alexandria,Pharos island 154-5,305,309
Ligurian coast 249
Ligurians 124,282
lingua franca 486-7
Lipari 7,32,33,34,63,180
islands 7,12,63,115,178,179
Neolithic 10,12-13,14
Liria 130
Lisbon 466
Lisle,Peter 531
Lissa 558
Litorius,Count 223
Littorio( Italian ship)607
Livornine 464-5,466
Livorno 462,464-7,531,599
Livy 187,199
Lixus 66
Lleida(Lerida)346
llotjas (loggias)341,399-400,402
Lloyd Austriaco 556
Lloyd George,David,1st Earl 585,586,588
Llull,Ramon 342-4,646-7
Lodi,Peace of 383
Lombardi 282 Lombards 237,253,255
London 347
Longobardia 281
Loria,Alessandro 589,590
Louis Ⅰ,king of Hungary 377
Louis Ⅸ,king of France 348
Louis the Pious,Frankish emperor 248,250
Louis Ⅻ,king of France 409,420
Louis ⅩⅣ,king of France 491-2,493,494,495
Louis ⅩⅥ,king of France 510
Louis ⅩⅦ,heir to French throne 513-14
Lucan 193
Lukka 49
Luli,King 70-71
Luni 237
Lusiads (Camões)396
Lusignans 358,359
Luther,Martin 423
Luvian language 27,43
Luxardo family 601
Lycia 49
Lycians 41
Lydia 97,98,101
Persian destruction of 134
people of see Lydians
Lydians 101,102
language 104
see also Lydia
Lysandros/Lysander 147
Maccabean revolt 153
Macedonians
Alexander Ⅲ(the Great)149-52
IMRO 570-71
Romans and 164,186,188
Madeira 393,411
Madina Mayurqa(Ciutat de Mallorca)338-9,340
Madison,James 529,536
Maghrib 298,306,344,409-10,417
US envoy to 535-6
see also Barbary states
Magon 76
Magona(Maó)223,225
see also Mahón
Mahdia(al-Mahdiyyah)263,279-80,319-20,322,428
Mahmudié (Austrian Lloyd ship)556-7
Mahmudiyya canal 540
Mahón(Maó)418,498,499,506
see also Magona
Maida,battle of 524
Maimon,son of William 332
Maimonides,Moses 259,296
Mainake 127
Maiori 268
Mairano,Romano 299-301
Majorca 338-9,340,353,358,364
attacks on Jews 405
Black Death 368
under Byzantine rule 242
Fascist Italians in 604
Jews 340,646
llotja 399-400
merchants/shipowners 345,348
and Muslim pirates 414
Neolithic 14
shipping 347-8,401-2
social divisions 399
tourism 631-2,633,634,637
trade in the fifteenth century 401-2
and trade networks 362
urban population drop(1329-43)367
see also Balearic islands
Makarios Ⅲ 623-4
al-Makhzumi 297
Málaga 78,124,393
Malamocco 254
Mallia 24,636
Mallone,Ansaldo 302
Malta ⅹxⅹⅰ,202,321,352,622
British 604,605,607-8,610,622
Catalan consuls 401
cotton 323
and the Hospitaller Order of St John of Jerusalem 269,415
as an immigrant entry point 629
importance to Christendom 429
Knights of 269,415,422,428,429,432,433,434,435,436,468,517,518,519;and the Russians 512-13
and Napoleon 516-17,520
Neolithic 10-12,14
and the Russians 512,518,519,520-21
sieges:of British Malta(World War Ⅱ)520,608;Ottoman 428-34,447,451
slave market 435-6
Sovereign Military Order of 269
tourism 631
trade in the sixteenth century 436
and the Turks 269,428-34
in World War Ⅱ 607-8,610
Mamertines 178-9
Mamluks 349,355,379,392,397,537
in Syria 349,414
Mandelli,Giovanni 380
Mantua 117,406
Manuel Ⅰ Komnenos,Byzantine emperor 294,300,319,322,324,328,329
Maó see Magona;Mahón
al-Maqrizi 368
marble 18,19,96,138,205,222,236,238,269,275,279
Marcionites 218,220
Marcus Aurelius,Roman emperor 208
Maria Theresa,Empress 559
Marinids 334,347,363-4
maritime insurance 402,439,457,465
maritime law 402-3
Mark the evangelist 255
Marmara,Sea of 439
Marmont,Auguste de 522
Mamas 221
Marneion temple 221-2
Marranos 442-3,458,463-4,647
Marseilles 77,110,114,126,237,247,250,358,376,622
bubonic plague 500
and Charles of Anjou 350
fall to the Allies 612
and James Ⅰ of Aragon 338
merchant privileges 325
and Richard Ⅰ of England 325
see also Massalia
Martell,Pere 338
Martial 129
Martin the Younger of Sicily 381
Martínez,Ferran 405
Martorell,Joannot 384
martyrs 214,217-18,223-4
Marzameni wreck 238
Masinissa 188
Massalia 123-5,126
see also Marseilles
mastic 345,358,366,374
Matarò 401
Mauretania 210
Mauretanians 208,230
Mausoleum of Halikarnassos 386
Maxentius 219
Maximilian,Ferdinand 557,558
Mazara 264,279
Mazower,Mark 569
Mdina 429,432
Medenine 610
Medes 136
Medici family 403,462
Bank 376
dukes of Tuscany 452,462,466-7
Medina Sidonia,dukes of 398
Medinet Habu 50
Mediterranean economy see economy
Mediterranean features,physical ⅹⅹⅶ-ⅹⅹⅹ
boundaries ⅹⅹⅲ-ⅹⅹⅳ
Mediterranean food 628-9
Mediterranean history literature ⅹⅹⅳ-ⅹⅹⅶ
Mediterranean language(lingua franca )486-7
Mediterranean tourism see tourism
Mediterranean travel accounts(1160-85)304-17,462-3
Mediterranean’s names ⅹⅹⅲ
a‘faithful sea’ⅹⅹⅹⅲ,646-7
Megalé Idea 578
Mehmet Effendi 482
see also Zevi,Shabbetai
Mehmet Ⅱ,the Conqueror,Ottoman sultan 383,385,386,387,388,390,415
Mehmet Ⅳ,Ottoman sultan 482
Meletius of Minorca 223
Melilla 409,575
Melissa,wife of Periandros 98
Melkites 591
Meloria,battle of 334
Melos 5,7,9-10,14,24,32
Melqart 74,75,78,171,645
Menander 152
Menasce,Félix de,Baron 590-91
Menasce family 591
Menelaos of Sparta 85
Menelaus of Caria 2o6
Mengebet 39,40
Menton 632
mercenaries 36,45,47,48,49,52
Merchant of Prato 373-5
merchants 644-6
Amalfi 294-5
of Barcelona 345
Catalan 344,353,359-60,400
Genoese 277,278,298-9,301-3,341,344,358,441
German ⅹⅹⅸ,277,401
gods posing as 88
and heroes of the First Mediterranean 29-41
Italian 164-5,183,264,270,285,291,297-8,324,332,338,349,354,441,459,646;see also under specific cites
Jewish 199,248-9,258-9,262-4,266,279,295-6,437,438,443,457,531,646,647
Levantine 585;see also Levant trade
mercenaries,missionaries and merchants of the Third Mediterranean 334-53
Muslim 257,258,261-2,266,296,404,453,457,465
north European merchants of grain 454 Phoenician 71,88,101,111,206,644,645
Pisan 297-8,332
Puteolan 205
Roman 191,194,199-200
Savoyard 401
and shipowners of Majorca 345,348
Venetian see Venetians:merchants
see also trade networks;trade routes
Merneptah,Pharaoh 48-50
Mers el-Kebir 606
Meryry,Libyan king 48,49
Meshuda 533
Meshwesh 48,50
Mesolithic 7
Messana 178,179
Messina ⅹⅹⅹⅰ,282,295,314,462,525
arsenal 424
bubonic plague 368
silk 468
Straits of 86,115,145,179,281,282,313-14,526
in World War Ⅱ 611
Metellus Balearicus,Quintus Caecilius 194
Methuen,John 496
Michael Ⅶ Doukas,Byzantine emperor 283
Michael Ⅷ Palaiologos,Byzantine emperor 330,331,350,354,364-5
migrations
Algerian 622
Asian migrants to the Mediterranean 629
and cuisines 628-9
Etruscan 101-5,108,117
Greek 83-99,117
immigrants from beyond the Mediterranean 629-30
Jewish migrants to Palestine 594-5,617
Libyan 48-50
Neolithic 8
to the New World 573
from North Africa 622
out of Sicily and southern Italy 628
of Palestinians 616-17
migrations-cont .
of the Sea Peoples 49,55-59
into southern Greece 54-55
temporary migrations of mass tourism 631-8
Miguez,João(Joseph Nasi)444-6
Milan 383,404,420
Visconti lords 376,382-3
Milan,Edict of 219
Milano Marittima 633
Milawanda see Miletos
Miletos 25,33,44,45,54,55,96
Military Orders of the Temple and Hospital of St John 326,348
see also Knights Hospitallers
Miltiades 134
Milvian Bridge,battle of 219
Mine(São Jorge da Mina)411
Minerva 206
Minoan civilization 22-7,28,29-31
art 36,37
Evans’view of Minoan Crete 566
merging with Mycenaean 30-31
pottery 22,23,24,27
trade routes 24
Minorca 339,373,418,423,495
and the British 498-503,514
and the French 498,501-3
Jews 223-5
Neolithic 14
and the Russians 509-10
and the Seven Years War 501-3
see also Balearic islands
Minori 268
Minos,King 22
Mintoff,Dom 622
Misenum 208,210
mistral ⅹⅹⅷ
Modon 419,538
Mogador 72
mommia 297
Monaco 360
Monemvasia 419-20
Mongols 342,355
and bubonic plague 367-8
Monophysites 220,244
Monopoli 388
monotheism 153,225
Montague,Edward,2nd Earl of
Manchester 489-90
Monte Carlo 632
Monte d’Accoddi 121
Montecassino,Benedictines of 269,274
Montecatini 632
Montenegro 385,440,521,581,582
Montfort,Simon de 335
Montilla 78
Montpellier 305,325,333,335,338,339,358
Moors
and Gibraltar 497
pirates 208
in Sardinia 233
and Vandal shipping 232
Morea 488-9,508,537-8
see also Peloponnese
Moriscos 408,434,447,453,470-76,647
Moroccans 363-4
Marinids 334,347,363-4
pottery 280-81
see also Morocco
Morocco 4,258,263,296,298,355,577,617-18
and America 532,534
defeat of Sebastian of Portugal in 453
and the English 459
grain 298,392
people of see Moroccans
Tangier 396,491-4,577,626
tourism 633
Moscow 612,638
Moses 58,153
Mostar 439
Mother/Great Goddess 11,12,18,213
Motya 76,81,166,170
Mudros 579
Müezzinzâde Ali 449,450
Muhammad Ali 537,538,539-40,548,565
Mujahid,Muslim warlord 273
mules 440
Murad Ⅱ,Ottoman sultan 385
Murat,Joachim 524,525-6
Murcia 398
Muret 335
Murlo 104
Murrow,Ed 609
Muscovy 504
trade 459
Muscovy Company 460
Muslims see Islam and the Muslim peoples Mussolini,Benito 574,601,604,605,606,608,610,611,612
Mustafa,Lala 448-9
Mustafa Pasha 432,433-4
Mycenae 29-30,32,46,53,87,565
high kings of 44
Treasury of Atreus 563
Mycenaeans 29-35,53,54,71,565
and the Anatolians 44-7
pottery 34,35,43,46,51,54,56
refugees in Cyprus 54
tombs 32,34-5,54,565
trade 32,33-4
see also Mycenae
Mykale 137
Mylai 181
Myra 292
Myriokephalon 329
myrrh 158,165
Mytilene 143-4
Nabataeans
in Puteoli 206
trade routes 165,221
Nabis,king of Sparta 195
Nafplion(Nauplion)419-20,538
Nahmanides 341
Naples 179,267,390,420
Alfonso Ⅴ of Aragon’s capture of 383,401
Aragonese 401,409
attack by Francis Ⅰ 419
banishment of Jews 406
Bay of 75,89,194,203,205,247
bubonic plague 368
Byzantine capture of 235
Castelnuovo fortress 399
Ferdinand Ⅱ,king of Aragon in 410
French and Aragonese claims to the throne 387-8
kings of 352,354,360,365,382,387,388,390
pottery imports 236-7
Napoleon Ⅰ 513,514,515-16,517,520,521,523,524,526,
546-7
Napoleon Ⅲ(originally Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte)547-8,549,554
Napoleonic Wars 513,522-3,524-6
Narbonne 358
Nasi,Gracia 441-2,443,444
Nasi,Joseph 444-6
Nasrid dynasty 334,347,393,404
Nasser,Gamal Abdel 600,618-19
Nathan of Gaza 480,482
National Bank of Egypt 589
national identities/nationalism 568-72,583
Greek nationalism 568-9,623
National Organisation of Cypriot Fighters 623
NATO(North Atlantic Treaty
Organization)620,621,624
naturist resorts 636
Naukratis 96,157
naval warfare 72
see also warships/fleets/navies
Navarino,battle of 539
Navarre 335,399
navicularii (guilds of shippers)218,227-8
navies see warships/fleets/navies
Naxians 138,140,444,445-6
Naxos 134,140,444
Nazism/Nazis 599,600,605-10,611,612
Neanderthals 3-4
Negroponte 385
Nelson,Horatio,Viscount 463,515-16,518,519,520
Neo-Platonism 220
Neolithic 8-14
buildings 10-11
Revolution 8
Neptune 644
Nero,Roman emperor 203,204,205,217
Nerva,Marcus Cocceius,Roman emperor 216
Neretva,river 456
Nestor’s cup 92-3
Netherlands 427,463,471
see also Dutch;Holland
Neve Tzedek 593,595
New Carthage(Cartagena)185,187
New Zealanders,Gallipoli campaign 579
Nicaea,Council of 219
Nicaean creed 219,231
Nice 422,605,610,632
see also Nikaia(Nice)
Nicholas,St 292
Nicosia 446,447,623,625
Nicotera 279
Niebla,count of 398
Niger,river 279
Nikaia(Asia Minor)330,349,366
see also Nicaea
Nikaia(Nice)126
Nikomedeia 227
Nile Delta 14,35,38,39,51,52,53,158,297,376
Nile,river ⅹⅹⅶ,ⅹⅹⅸ,37,38,549-50
floods ⅹⅹⅸ,156,158,204
Nile Valley 28
Niqmadu,King 35
Noah,Mordecai 535-6
Nora 77
Nora stele 73
Normandy 612
Normans
Bohemond Ⅰ of Antioch and the First Crusade 288-90
and Byzantium 281-4,288-9,319,322,323-4
collapse of kingdom of Sicily 327-8
rule in Sicily 279-80,281-4,294,318;and campaigns from Sicily 319-24
North Africa ⅹⅹⅸ,14,66,74,101,174,227-30
Aghlabid emirs 250
agriculture 203-4
Arab conquest 245-6
Barbary see Barbary states
Berbers see Berbers
Carthage see Carthage
Catalans in 345
Christian soldiers in Muslim armies 344
coast ⅹⅹⅶ,ⅹⅹⅷ,14,71,76,171,174
demotic culture 189
French emigration to 573-4
Genoese in 298-9
grain trade 203
Islamic Ifriqiya 246
Italian settlers 574-5
as Italy’s ‘fourth shore’604
James Ⅰ of Aragon and the Muslims of 341
and Naples 236
Numidians 183,187
pagan cults in 221
Pompey’s actions against piracy 196
pottery 204,236,237
Roger Ⅱ and 319-20
Roman province of Africa 203,245-6
Spanish garrisons 409
trade with Catalonia 402
trade with Majorca 402
Tunisia see Tunisia
William Ⅱ and 322
in World War Ⅱ 607,608,609
see also Maghrib
North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO)620,621,624
North Sea 347,436,439,488,505,520,579
Norwegians 528
Noto 282
Novi Pazar 439
Nubia 245
Numidians 183,187,188
nuns 422,501,595,644
nuraghi 119,121-2
Obadiah 408
obsidian 7,8,9-10,11,13,15,24,32,33,34
Octavian 197,198-9,208
see also Augustus Caesar
Odessa 511
Odoacer 227,233
Odysseus(Ulysses)85,86,87,380
oil,crude 578
Axis supplies 609
exploration 616
from Iraq 605
supplies via the Suez Canal 609
oil,olive 20,34,35,56,67,73,76,79,90,285,511
Corinthian trade in 97
and the Mediterranean diet 629
presses 57,125
Ptolemies and oil industry 159
scarcity after World War Ⅱ 628
Old Smyrna 55
olive oil see oil,olive
olive trees ⅹⅹⅸ,159,230,234,483
Oliverdar,Mateu 345
Olympia 113
Olympic Games 170,178
Onomastikon of Amenope 55
Ophir 69
Oran 406,409,417,475,495,540-41,606
‘massacre’of 622
Order of St John see Knights Hospitallers
Oristano 308
Ostia 175,196,203,205,207-8
naval battle off 268
religious buildings 212-13
Ostrogoths 233
Otho,Marcus Salvius,Roman emperor 208
Otranto 386-7,388
Otto Ⅰ,German emperor 275
Otto Ⅱ,German emperor 272
Ottoman Bank 571
Ottomans 366,384-8,392-3
in the Balkans 440
and Hayrettin Barbarossa 417-18
battle for the White Sea 428-35,445-51
battle of Navarino 539
and the British 525,538-40,568,578-80,585
Christian reaction to expansion in sixteenth century 418-23
conflicts with Greeks in the nineteenth century 538-9
and Corfu 419,518
and Crete 448,483-6,565-6,588
and Cyprus 446-51,567-9
development of national identities in Ottoman lands 568-72
and Dubrovnik 388-91
erosion of the Ottomam Empire 504,521,525,538,555,568-9,573-80;and exit of the Ottomans 578-82,583-92
expansion in the sixteenth century 414-15,423-4
and the French 539,546-8;Franco-Turkish alliance 418-19,420-23,475
and Jews 407
and Malta 428-34
Mamluks see Mamluks
and the Moriscos 434-5,471-6
and Muhammad Ali 537-40
Ottoman corsairs see Barbary corsairs and Russians 505-8,510-11,518-19,522
and Salonika 570-72
settlement with the Spaniards in the sixteenth century 453
Sublime Porte 385-6,390,391,417,419,423,435,438,444,452,453,472,477,483,485,518,532,552,568
Suez Canal and reciprocal East-West cultural relations 545,548-55
Turkish-Russian war 505-8
and Venetians 385-6,387,388,392,419-20,423,446-7,483-6,489;Cretan War(1645-1669)484-5
warships 424-7,447,448,449-50,484,506-7,538,539
western dress 545
Our Lady of the Conception (Hospitaller galley)416
Ovid 102
P & O(Peninsular and Oriental)557
Pacifico,Don 564
package holidays 634-5
Paestum(Poseidonia),112,177
paganism 220-22
and Islam 244
see also fertility cults;goddesses;gods;religion
Palaeolithic era 4-7
Palaiologos family
Andronikos Ⅱ 354
Demetrios 384
Michael Ⅷ 330,331,350,354,364-5
Palermo 266,279,282,295,350,351,353,406,527
Allied occupation 611
see also Panormos
Palestine 55,57,325,445
Arabs in 592,594,595,616-17
and the British 592,616-17
and the Crusades 292;see also Crusades
and James Ⅱ of Aragon 345
Jews in 215,216;conflicts with Arabs 592,594,595,616-17;influx of immigrants 594-5;Jewish revolt(132-6)216;in the twentieth century 592-600,616-17,620
kibbutz movement 592
and the state of Israel 616-17,618-20
withdrawal of Turkish troops 580
and Zionism 592
see also Canaan;Holy Land;Israel
Palestinian Authority 639
Pallottino,Massimo 104
Palma,Majorca 338,604,621,634
see also Ciutat de Mallorca
Palma Nova 634
Palmerston,John Henry Temple,3rd Viscount 550,564
Panormos 166
see also Palermo
Pantaleoni family 269
Pantelleria 10,13,611,629
Paoli,Pasquale 514,515
papacy 247,274,383
papal fleets 429
Papal Inquisition see Inquisition
relationship with Greek Orthodox Church 282-3
see also specific popes
Papyrella 14
papyrus 156-7,161,247
Paris 554,586
Paros 18
Parthenon marbles 563
Patras 342
Patton,General George 611
Paul,St 202-3,213-14,643
Paul Ⅰ,emperor of Russia 511-12,513,518,519-20
Paul Ⅳ,Pope 442-3
Pavia,battle of 420
pax romana 201,209,210,231
Peace of Lodi 383
Pech Maho 110,124
Pedro of Portugal 339
Peiraieus 639
Pelasgians 83,106
Peleshet 50-51,55
Peloponnese 488-9
Peloponnesian War 96,133,141-8
see also Morea
Peloponnesian League 140-41,142,143
Pelops 32
Peninsular Steam Navigation Company 557
Peninsular War 524
pepper 247,270,279,291,296,301,374,560,642
Pepys,Samuel 490,492-3
Pera 354
Pergamon 161,236
altar 563
Periandros(Periander)96,97-8
Perikles 140
Periplus 127
Perpignan 353,358,399
Persia 378,427,440,484,578,609
people of see Persians
Persians 234,446,453
Byzantium and 236
defeat by Alexander Ⅲ 149
and the Delian League 139
invasion of Greece 114,132-7
invasion of Ionia 123-4
navy 134,136-7,141
and the Peloponnesian War 146-7
Persian empire 135
and the Phoenicians 134,136-7
and the Scythians 135
wheat 158-9
see also Persia
Perugia 116
Peruzzi Bank 375
Pesaro 443
Petain,Philippe 606
Peter,St 213
Peter Ⅰ‘the Great’,emperor of Russia 504,512
Peter Ⅰ,king of Cyprus 359
Peter Ⅱ,king of Aragon 335
Peter Ⅲ,king of Aragon 339,348,351,353
Peter Ⅳ,the Ceremonious,king of Aragon 362
Petrarch 380
Petronius 206
Phaistos 9,24,25
Pharaohs 36-41,48-50,53,63,66
and Ptolemies 152
Pharisees 217
Pharos island 150,152
lighthouse 154-5,305,309
Pharsalus 197
Philadelphia ,USS 534
Philip Ⅱ,king of Macedon 150,174
Philip Ⅱ,king of Spain 427,432-3,447,451,453,471,473
Philip Ⅲ,king of Spain 476
Philip Ⅴ,king of Macedon 186
Philip Ⅴ,king of Spain,Philip de Bourbon/Philip of Anjou 494,495,496,497,498
Philippi,battle of 197
Philistines 55-57,58-59,644
Philo 152,161,162
Phocaea 347
see also Phokaia
Phoenicians 63-82,90,91-2,104-5,645
and Alexander the Great 149
alphabet 80,644
at Cadiz 66,72,78,126
Carthaginians see Carthaginians
Etruscan trade 111
merchants 71,88,101,111,206,644,645
and the Persians 134,136-7
pirates 134
and the Ptolemies 156
in Puteoli 206
script 80,644
and the Seleucids 156
shipyards 156
spread of culture 80-81,128
trade routes/networks 63,66,67-80,242
trading system 69-70,80
warships 72,134,136-7
Phoibos Apollo 138
Phokaia 123-4,347,392
Phokaians 77,106-7,114,123-4,126,134
Picenes 11
7pilgrimage 379-80
crusaders and 280,292;see also Crusades
female pilgrims 644
Jewish pilgrims 304
mixing of Muslim and Christian pilgrims 312-13
modern pilgrims 632
and piracy 446
sea journeys of pilgrims 308-15,317
Pillars of Hercules 126
Pindar 95,115,160,169
Piombino 383
Pionius 217-18
Pippin,king of Italy 254
pirates/piracy ⅹⅹⅲ,ⅹⅹⅹ,41,49,52,54,65,194-6,247,360,647
Aegean clearance of pirates by a‘Holy League’365 Arab 249,250-51,278-9
Barbary see Barbary corsairs
based in Crete 163,195
Christian 381,414,429,435,446,449,453
Cilician 165,195
pirates/piracy-cont .
Croatian 439,440
from end of the fifteenth century 413-14
English 461
Etruscan 63,72,105-6,109
Genoese 328-9,331
Greek 72
Italian 275,328-9
by the Knights Hospitallers 414,429,435
in the late sixteenth century 453-4
Maltese 429,435,484
Mauretanian 208
Monegasque 360
Moorish 208
Muslim naval power based on 249,250-51,268,278-9,402,414,423-4
Phoenician 134
and pilgrim traffic 446
Polykrates of Samos 134,138,147
and the Romans 175,194-6,642
Saracen 272-3
ship technology 461
and slavery 414,417,418
small trading ships and the decline in piracy 201
Turkish 428
Tuscan 452
‘Tyrsenians’54,71,83,105,106-7,115,195
of the Uskoks 439
and the Venetian muda protection 360,642
Volscian 175
Pirenne,Henri 247
Pisa ⅹⅹⅹⅰ,109,271-81,286,290,301,316,326,346,358
and Amalfi 294-5
churches and cathedrals 275,279,280-81
government of 276-7
people of see Pisans
tourists in 633
Pisans
and Acre 310-11
and Catalans 361
commercial privileges 293
commune 276-7and the Crusades 292
and Genoese 273,274,275,278-9,305,334
in Majorca 338
massacre in Constantinople(1182)324,329
merchants 332;incident in Egypt 297-8
navy 273,294-5,327
and Sardinia 273,274-5
sheep 367
and shipping 316-17
see also Pisa
Pithekoussai(Ischia)34,89-90,92-4,95,110,268,422
pithoi 34
Pius Ⅱ,Pope 393
Piyale Pasha 429,432,433-4
Piyamaradu 44
plague 59,399
bubonic see Black Death/bubonic plague
Plataia,battle of 132,137
Plato 169-70
Plautus,Titus Maccius 193-4,199,439
Pliny the Elder 180,203
Plutarch 133,146,172,195,196
Po,river ⅹⅹⅶ
Po Valley 117,236,255
Poland 599,605
Poliochni,Lemnos 20-21
Polis 87
pollution 637,640
Polo,Marco 355
Polybios 178,179,181,647
Polykrates of Samos 134,138,147
Pomella 290
Pompeii 114,206,562
Pompeius Magnus Pius,Sextus 195,200
Pompey the Great 196-7
Ponentine Jews 437,458,464-5
Ponza 268
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine 620
population 376
and the Black Death 366-7,368-9
Porphyry 221,222
Port Said 551,553
ports ⅹⅹⅹ-ⅹⅹⅹⅰ
see also specific ports
Portugal 79,398,453,465,491,580,637
exiled Jews from 441,443
people of see Portuguese
and Philip Ⅱ 453,473
Portuguese 364,393-6,463-4
in Ancona 442
Inquisition 463-4
Jews 441,443,477-8
opening of route in 1497 to the East 458
war fleets 366,393-5
see also Portugal
Portus,Ostia 207-8
Poseidon 22,73,85,165,644
Poseidonia(Paestum) 112,177
Potideia 143
Potnia,goddess 26
pottery/ceramics
Aegean 20
African 204,236,237
Alexandrian 156
amphorae 25,67,97,201,202,206,232,236,237;of oil 92;of wine 73,92,157,164,237
Anatolian 20
Athenian 55,96,101,105-6
Bronze Age Greek 26
bucchero style 93,109
Carthaginian 96
Corinthian 87,95,96,101;in Sardinia 122
Cretan 236
Cypriot 38
Egyptian 280
Etruscan 78,110,112-13;in Massalia 124;in Sardinia 122;Villanovan 109
Euboian 87,92
Greek 75,77,108,113,126;Attic 113,126;in Massalia 124,125;in Sardinia 122;see also under specific Greek cultures
Helladic 33,35,43,53
Iberian 130
Islamic 280
Late Bronze Age 33
Minoan/Cretan 22,23,24,27
Moroccan 280-81
Mycenaean 34,35,43,46,51,54,56
Neolithic 9,12,13
from Philistine sites 55,56
Samian 237
Scornavacche as a centre of ceramics industry 172
Sub-Mycenaean 54
and the sugar industry 393
Syrian 38,91
of Troy20,43
Valencian 403
Potyomkin,Grigory 509
Pozzuoli 205
see also Puteoli
prehistoric society development 15
Preveza,battle of 420
prostitutes 74,464,644
Protestantism
and confessional identity 488
and the Inquisition 461
Messianic ideas 481
Philip Ⅱ’s wars with Protestants 453
Provence ⅹⅹⅷ,125,126,210,250-51,346
Prussia 520,554,558
Pryor,John ⅹⅹⅶ,ⅹⅹⅷ
Ptolemies 152-64,188
grain trade 158
navy 156
and the olive oil industry 159
Ptolemaic Alexander 152-4,155-62;Alexandrian Library 159-61
Ptolemy Ⅰ Soter 152,153,154,159-60
Ptolemy Ⅱ Philadelphos 153,156,161,549
Ptolemy Ⅳ Philopater 156
Ptolemy Ⅷ 200
Ptolemy ⅩⅢ 197
Ptolemy ⅩⅤ Caesar 197
trade control 157
see also Cleopatra
Ptolemy,Claudius 162
Punic Wars 177-90
First War 177-8,179-82
origins of 178-9
Second War 177,178,183-8
Third War 177,189
Punt 37
purple traders see Phoenicians
Puteoli 165,203,205-7,210
Pylos 31,32,46,52,144
pyramids 37
Pyrgoi 111,170,175
Pyrrhos of Epeiros 174,176,177
Pytheas 127
Qayrawan 246,263
Quintio 201
rabbis 217,218,219
Radhanites 248
Raeder,Admiral Erich Johann 609
Ragusa see Dubrovnik
Ragusans ⅹⅹⅲ,388-91,437,438,439,442,448,478,526-7,532
and Genoa 468
and Ottomans 414
and the Russians 521-2
and trade from Alicante 465
and Uskoks 457
Rahmi Bey 584,585
railways 576,582,585,594
and tourism 632,633,634
Ramesses Ⅱ,Pharaoh 41,48
Ramesses Ⅲ,Pharaoh 48,50
Ramesses Ⅺ,Pharaoh 39
Ramesses,city of 37
Ramon Berenguer Ⅲ 338
Ramon de Penyafort 341
Ravello 268,295
Ravenna 208,210-11,235,252,253,358,420
Real (Spanish flagship) 450
Red Sea 37,38,58,158
blockade of Israel 619
Suez Canal see Suez Canal
trade 69,296,355;routes 158,248,296,355
Reggio 203,368
see also Rhegion
Reis,Murad 531
Reis,Pirî 415
relics see religious relics
religion
Baal worship 70,81-2
beliefs carried along trade routes 213,332,481,482-3
Canaanite 57,65-6
changes of 426-7;mass conversions 223-5,405,441
Christian see Christianity
Delian Apollo cult 138
Demeter cult 171
and the‘faithful sea’ 646-7
fertility cults 11,18,154
in Gibraltar 496,497
and Hellenistic culture 213
ideas spread by travel across the Mediterranean 213,256,266-7,332,342,481,482-3
Isis cult 199,213
Islamic see Islam
Jewish see Judaism
under Julian 220
in Minorca 500
and national identities 569-72
Phoenician 81-2
and the Romans 209,213-22
sacrifice see human sacrifice;sacrifices
tolerance in 426
in Trieste 559-60
see also Bible;funerary rites;goddesses;gods;religious buildings;temples
religious buildings
Anglican churches,Minorca 500
at Ostia 212-13
synagogues see synagogues
temples see temples
religious relics 223,224,255,329,330,345,368,512
René of Anjou,king of Naples 382,383,397
Renfrew,Colin 10,17
Rethymnon 484
Revolutionary War,French 513-20
Rhegion 115,178
see also Reggio
Rheneia 138
Rhode(Roses) 124,127,352
Rhodes 25,32,53,93,414
and Alexandria 157,163-4
Arab sea battle off 245
besieged by Mamluks 392
Catalans and 401
Colossus of 155,163
earthquake 164
and the Italians 577
and the Knights Hospitallers 269,364,386,414,415
Mycenaean trade with 32,33
people of see Rhodians
sieges of 163,414-15
and trade routes 53,366
and the Turks 269
wine 164
Rhodians
bankers 164
coinage 164
grain trade 158
Sea Law 236
see also Rhodes
Rhône delta 250
Rhône valley 125
Ricart Guillem 335-6
Riccione 633
rice 340,374,404,465,532,560
Richard Ⅰ,king of England 325
Richelieu,Armand de Vignerot du Plessis 502,503
Richelieu,Armand Jean,Cardinal 475-6
Rijeka(Fiume) 601-2
Rimini 358,632,633
Ariminum 177
Robert,count of Flanders 290
Robert the Wise,king of Naples 360,365
Roccaforte 360
Rodriguez,Marrano Daniel 440
Roger Ⅰ,count of Sicily 279,281-2,283,294,318
Roger Ⅱ,king of Sicily 318-22
Roma 611
Romania 355
Romano,Ruggiero 465
Romans
and the Aetolian League 188
Christian persecution 214,217-18
Christianity legalized by 213,219-20,227
civil wars 196-7,198-9
coins 204,220
destruction of pagan temples 221-2
development of‘Romanness’ 191
disintegration of the Roman Empire 226-38
and Egypt 197-200,208-9
and Etruscans 175
garum sauce 76,206,641
interference in Aegean trade networks 164
and Macedonians 164,186,188
navy/fleets 175,176,177,178,179,180-82,185,186-7,198,208-9,210
pax romana 201,209,210,231
and pirates 175,194-6,642
pre-Punic War battles with Carthaginians 175
and Ptolemies 188
Punic Wars see Punic Wars
and religion 209,213-22
and Rhodians 164
Roman Republic 188
and Seleucids 188
slavery 191-3
Tetrarchy 227
treatment of Jews 213,214-17
treaty with Vandals 231
and the Volscians 175
see also Rome
Rome
Amalfi and 268-9
Arab attacks on 250,268
attack on Syracuse 186-7
birth of Imperial Rome 199
Carthaginian treaties with 127,174-5,188
Rome-cont .
Celtic attack on(390 BC) 118
citizenship 191,193
as a cosmopolitan city 193-4,199-200
distinction between Senate and merchants 191
Gallic invaders 175
grain trade 175,195,200-205,207-8,227;and pirates 196
great fire 217
Hannibal’s attack on 185
immigrant population 193-4
Jews in 194,199
people of see Romans
political and commercial relationship with the Mediterranean 174-7,183-4,191-4,196-211
Punic wars see Punic Wars
sacking by Alaric the Goth 223,229-30
salt supplies 109
Samnite war 176
and Sicily 175,178-83,186
and southern Italy before the Punic Wars 176-7
spoken languages in 193-4
St Peter’s Basilica 219,268
and Taras 175-6
Vandal plundering of 232
voting rights 191
Romegas 429,435
Rommel,Erwin 608
Romulus Augustulus 227
Roses(Rhode) 124,127,352
Rosetta 548
Rosicrucian enlightenment 481
rostra 175
Rothschild,Jacob de 551
Rothschild bank 556
‘Rough Cilicia’ 195,197
Roussillon 335,339,353,501
Roussillon,count of 338
Royal Navy 514,524-5,564,578,579-80,588,605,606,614,622
Rozafa 385
Rufolo family of Ravello 295
Ruslan 594
Russian Orthodox Church 522
Russians 504-13,514,518-23,568,578
and the British 504-6,509-10,515,522,523,612
and Dubrovnik 521-2
Gallipoli campaign 580
and Malta 518
and the Ottomans 505-8,510-11,518-19,522,539
Turkish-Russian war 505-8
in World War Ⅰ 578
in World War Ⅱ 609,612
see also Soviet Union
Sabbath travel 262
Sacramonte tablets 471
sacrifices 46,184
child 66,75,76,81-2
to deified emperors 213
human see human sacrifice
Jewish sacrificial cult 216,220
Sadat,Anwar el- 620
Safavids 417,446
Safed 407
saffron 27,297,327,367
Sagrera,Guillem 399-400
Sagromoso,Michele 512
Saguntum 185
Said Pasha 550-51
St Elmo 430,432,433
Saint-Florent 515
St Petersburg 504
St Philip’s fort,Minorca 498,501,502,503
St Sabas,War of 326
Saint-Simon,Claude Henri de Rouvroy,comte de 549
St-Tropez 636
Saladin 296,297,310,325,326
Salado,battle of 364
Salamis 114,136-7
Salerno 301
Gulf of 247
Salonika 407,569-72,595,598-9
see also Thessalonika;Thessaloniki
salt 76,109,252,253,285,346,358,389,641
Samaria 69
Samaritans 260
Samnites 176
Samos 95,137,236,237,538
San Gimignano 326-7,367
San Giovanni 428
San Mateu 373
San Roque 626
Sanctus Franciscus 345
Santa Maria della Grazia 461
Santa Trinità di Saccargia,abbey 275
Santo Stefano,Knights of 452,462
Santorini 365
São Jorge da Mina(the Mine) 411
São Tomé 393
Sappho 160
Saracens 247,271,272-3,346
Saragossa 335,336
Sarapis 154,209,212
Sardinia 73,119-23,295,362,376
Alfonso Ⅳ’s invasion 361
Arab invasion 250
under Byzantine rule 235,242,249
and Catalans 361,381
Gelimer and 232
Jews sent to 215
Mujahid in 273
Mycenaeans in 34
Neolithic 14
nuraghi 119,121-2
people of see Sardinians/Sards
Phoenician and Carthaginian settlement 77
Pisans and Genoese in 273,274-5
Pompey’s actions against piracy 196
salt 346
and the Second Punic War 183-4
silver 157,361
tombs 119,120-21
tourism 637
and the Vandals 233
in World War Ⅱ 611
Sardinians/Sards 77,122-3,167
and Carthaginians 122,167
and Catalans 361-2
Etruscan trade 109
Euboian contact 92
and the Pisans and Genoese 274-5
Sard language 119-20,274
statuettes 123
see also Sardinia
Sardis 102,236
Sargon Ⅱ 70
Sarkozy,Nicolas 639
Saronic Gulf 95
Saseno 603
Saul,King 59
Savona 316,358
Savoy,duke of 462
Savoy,house of 558
Savoyard merchants 401
Scala 268
Scanderbeg,George Kastriota 384,385,391
scarabs 27,93,108
Schechter,Solomon 259
Schliemann,Heinrich 18-19,21,87,564-5
Sciaky,Leon 569-70
Scipio Aemilianus 189,200
Scipio,Gnaeus 185
Scipio,Publius Cornelius 187
scirocco ⅹⅹⅷ
Scoglio del Tonno 35,87
Scornavacche 172
scurvy 463
Scutari(Shkodër) 385
Scythians 135,158
sea level 6
Sea Peoples 42,49-54,55-59,66,644
sea warfare
art of 424
fleets see warships/fleets/navies
Sebastian of Portugal 453
Seeley,Sir John 139,494
Segesta 145,166,167
Segorbe,bishop of 473-4
Seleucids 153,156,163,188
Selim Ⅰ,Ottoman sultan 418
Selim Ⅱ‘the Sot’,Ottoman sultan 444,445
Selinous/Selinuntines 145,166,167
Seljuk Turks 289
Selwyn Lloyd,John Selwyn Brooke Lloyd,Baron 619
Sempronius 209
Seneca 102,382
Senj 454-5,456-7
Sephardic Jews 407-8,438-9,443,444,464,467,470,476-83,4S6,569-72,599,647
Levantine 437,458
Ponentine 437,458,464-5
Septuagint 161-2
Serapis see Sarapis
Serbia 329
Sestii 201
Seven Years War 501-3
Severus of Minorca 223,224,225
Severus,Publius Attius 206
Seville 405,410,412
Shalmanasar Ⅲ,Assyrian king 69
Shardana 48,49,50,51,55
Shekelesh 49,50-51,52
shekels 70
shipbuilding
in Barcelona 441
Corinth as centre of 95
Dutch 463
Venetian 378-9
shipping
accounts of crossing the Mediterranean(1160-85) 304-17,462-3
Adriatic 117
Allied 610
American 529-30
from Barcelona 400-401
boom in maritime traffic(168 BC-2nd century ad) 201
British 498,505,524
Bronze Age ships 18
of Byzantine period 237-8
Catalan 344-8,359-60,400
close season 202
Corinthian 136
cruises 637
between Egypt and Syria 38
embargo imposed by William Ⅰ 314
English 396
Etruscan 114,115
Florentine 404,437
French 397
Genoese 315,316-17,347-8,360,378,404
grain ships 202-3,205;see also grain trade
ironclads 555-6,557-8
in the Islamic world 264,265-6,281
Levant trade ⅹⅹⅸ;see also Levant trade
Majorcan 347-8,401-2
Minoan 25
and Muslim pirates/navies 249,251
navicularii (guilds of shippers) 218,227-8
Neolithic boats 13-14
onboard conditions and food 462
Phoenician 71-3
and piracy see pirates/piracy
Pithekoussai and 93
Ragusan 390
Red Sea trade 69,296
Rhodian 163-4
and the security of the seas 210,440;see also pirates/piracy
Sicily and 264-5
steamshipping 555-8,573
storms and 182,403;see also storms
through the Suez Canal 553,605
and Trieste 558-9,560-61
Turkish 386,422,456-7,484,510,511
types of vessel 315-16
Vandal 232
Venetian 255,360,378,379,440,460
winds and ⅹⅹⅷ,71,312,313-14
in World War Ⅱ 607,610
shores ⅹⅹⅷ
Sicilian Straits/Channel13,182,233,279,352,429
Sicilian Vespers 350,361
Sicily 119,302-3,353,361,424
under Aragonese kings 351,352,381
attacks on Jews 405
and the British 525-6,607
Byzantine invasion and rule 235,242,265
Carthaginian invasion 137,166-74
Catalans in 381
collapse of Norman kingdom of 327-8
decline of Greek contact 54
deforestation xxx
destruction in thirteenth century bc 63
under Frederick Ⅱ 349
and the Genizah trade network 264-5
and the Genoese 322-3,328
grain 144,172-3,179,186,263,279,319,322-3,346,356,392,436,468,527-8
Islamic 264-5
and the Knights Hospitallers 415
Latinization of 282
Mamertines in 178
Mesolithic 7
mixed population in the eleventh century 282
Muslim invasion 250,264,268
and Muslim pirates 414
Mycenaean trade with 33
navy/fleets 319-20,321-2,323-4,349,429
Neolithic 12-13
under Norman rule 279-80,281-4,294,318;Sicilian campaigns 319-24
Palaeolithic 5-7
and the Peloponnesian War 144-6
Phoenician settlement 76-7
Pompey’s actions against piracy 196
Richard Ⅰ on 325
Rome and 175,178-83,186
salt 346
Sicilian Vespers 350,361
silk 264
Spain and ⅹⅹⅹⅰ
sugar mills 393
Syracuse see Syracusans;Syracuse
threats from Italian mainland 54
tyrants of 98-9,130,168-71,173
and the Vandals 233
under viceroys in the fifteenth century 381
in World War Ⅱ 607,611
Side 195
Sidi Barrani 607
Sidon 68,69
Sidonians see Phoenicians
Sierra 408
Sikans 167
Sikels 167
silk 200,255,263-4,355,437,440,465,468,474
silver
Alexandrian 156
American 441
Balkan 98
Byzantine 242
coinage 97
Egyptian 39,40
and the Knights of Malta 436
Libyan 48
mines 192
Mycenaean 32
New World 468
Phoenician 69,70,90
and the Ragusans 389
Sardinian 157,361
Spanish 78-9,157,192
Tartessian 79
Trojan 21
Sinai 38,486,549,553,619,620
Six Day War 620
Skanderbeg see Scanderbeg
Skopje 391
slavery/slaves
and the Atlantic 411
of the Black Sea 349,355,373-4,644
Catalan trade in 346-7
Celtic 117
Christians and 249
Cilician pirate slave auctions 195
Corinthian 95
Datini and the slave trade 373-4
Delian 165,205
Eaton on 531
female slaves 422,644
and freedmen 192-3,199,206
galley slaves 425-7,435
Genoese 355
in the Islamic world 246-7,248
Italic 117
Jewish merchants and 248-9
Jewish slaves 216
from Kerkyra 98
Knights Hospitallers and 445
in Malta 435-6
Muslim slaves 308,346-7
slavery/slaves-cont .
of nuns of Antibes 422,644
and piracy 414,417,418
Roman 191-3;carried off by Vandals 232
Sards 274
Slav Saqaliba 248
in Toulon 422
in the Tyrrhenian Sea 109
Slavs 234,236,241-2,390,521,522
in Dalmatia 254
Macedonian 570-71
slaves 248
warfare with Germanic peoples 248
Slovenia 456,640
Smendes 39
Smyrna 101,218,365,440,476-81,500,569
after the Great War 583,584-5,586-7
Levantine merchants of 585
Old 55,599
World War Ⅱ and the fall of 599
Sokollu,Mehmet 446-7,448,449
solar energy 640
Solomon,king of Israel 66-7,69
Solomon ben Ammar 340
Solomon of Salerno 301-3,316
soothsayers 113,220
Sophokles 160
Sorrentine peninsula 268,295
Sorrento 423
Sostratos 111
Sovereign Military Order of Malta 269
Soviet Union 607,613,615,616,620
disintegration of 638
and Egypt 618,619
and Israel 620
and the US 620-21
see also Russians
Spain
Almohad sect 296
Armada 438
Carthaginian trade and settlement 126,127-8
Catalonia see Catalonia
deforestation of Spanish coast xxx
disintegration into local kingdoms in thirteenth century 334
in the early twentieth century 575
extinction of Muslim rule in 408
Falangists 604
under Franco 604,605,621
Genoese alliance with 412,468
and Gibraltar 625-7
Hamilcar Barca in 184-5
hellenization 126-30
Iberians see Iberians
Islamic(al-Andalus) 250,258,261,263,264,306,308,476,630
Jews:exiled from Spain 406-8,442-3;relations with Christians and Muslims 340-41,404-6
and the Moriscos 408,434-5,447,470-76
naval power 424
pagan cults in 221
people of see Spaniards
silk 264
silver 78-9,157,192;American 441
southern:Byzantium and 235;silver 78-9,192;and trade networks,eighth century BC 63;see also Tartessos
Spanish influence on Sardinia 119
Spanish lands and the second Punic War 184-5,187
struggle against the Ottomans ⅹⅹⅹⅰ,419
tin 123
tourism 634,636
trade with Morocco 263
and the UN 626
Vandal and Alan invasion of 230
Visigothic invasion of 223,233,246
war fleets 424,427,429
War of the Spanish Succession 495
see also specific cities and regions
Spaniards 264,382
after siege of Malta 434
alliances with English 488
and Barbary corsairs 417
conflicts with English 489-90
at Jerba 428-9
and Mahdia 428
in Muslim fleets 249
in the Netherlands 427
and Ottomans 416,419,421
in Rome 193
settlement with the Ottomans in the sixteenth century 453
see also Spain
Spanish Succession,War of 495
Sparta 138
Corinthian wars 96
and the Peloponnesian League 141
people of see Spartans
Spartans 83,90
Archidamian War 143
hoplites(soldiers) 138,144
navy 144,147
Peloponnesian War 133,141-8
and the Persians 133,136-7
sea power 136
see also Sparta
spas 632
spice trade 158,165,296,297,345,355,378,397,400,437
and England 459
see also pepper
Spina 113,117-18,126
Split 439,440
Spurinna family 115-16
Stadion,Johann Philipp 525
Stalin,Joseph 612,613,616,620
Standard Oil Company of New Jersey 585
Stanhope,James 498-9
steamships 555-8,573
Stentinello 12-13
Stephen,St 223-4
Sterghiades,Aristides 586
Stone Age
Middle(Mesolithic) 7
New(Neolithic) 8-14
Old and Middle(Palaeolithic) 4-7
storms ⅹⅹⅷ,182,202,283-4,308,312,313,393,394,403
Strabo 78,155,159,195
Strasbourg (French ship) 606
Sturmy,Robert 396
Su Nuraxi 121-2
Suevi 223,229
Suez Canal ⅹⅹⅷ,541,618
blocking of 620
and Nasser 618,619
nationalization 600
and oil supplies 609
and reciprocal East-West cultural relations 545,548-55
shipping through 553,605
Suez Canal Company 550,552,554
sugar 323,373,374,377,392,404,411,465,585
production 393
Valencia 393,474
Sulcis 77,81
Süleyman the Magnificent,Ottoman sultan 414-15,418,419,421,423,429,433,442-3,444
Sulpicii 206
Sultana (Turkish ship) 429,450
Sunnis/Sunni Islam 298,310,334
suntan 635-6
Sweden 520
Swedes 504,528,534
swimwear 635-6
Sybaris 116
Sybota 142
synagogues 153,212,217,221,222,224,258-60,405,465,478-81,569,590
syncretism 113
Syracusans 114,115,137,145,166
and Carthaginians 168-73
see also Syracuse
Syracuse 98-9,114,115-16,145,168,170-72,173,203,525
Athenian attacks on 115,146
Catalan consuls 401
and the Genoese 328
people of see Syracusans
Rome’s attack on 186-7
tyrants of 98-9,130,168-71,173,178,179,182-3
Syria 8,619,638
and Egypt 35-6,38,39-41
Euboian ties 91
Islam in 244
Syria-cont .
Jewish rebellion in 208-9,216
Mamluks in 349,414
and the Mediterranean Union 639
Mycenaean trade with 32,33,35-6
Ottomans in 414
trade with Alexandria 157
Syrians,siege of Rhodes 163
Tacitus 102
Talamone 422
Talmud 219,260,341
Tamerlane(Timur) 365,384
Tamin,emir 279
Tana 355
Tangier 396,491-4,577,626
Tanis 39
Taranto 581-2,607,611
Gulf of 175-6
see also Taras
Taras 87,90,175-6,179
see also Taranto
Tarentines 176
Tarhun 104
Tarquin,king of Rome 98
Tarquinia(Tarquinii) 93,94,98,104,107-10
tombs 111-12
Tarragona 128,304,338
Tarshish 66,68,79-80
see also Tartessos
Tartars 355
Tartessos 66,78-9,81,90,127
see also Tarshish
Taruisa 45,52
Tarxien 11
Taula de Canvi (bank) 400
Tawfik Pasha,Muhammad 555
taxation 157,164,294,297
in Alexandria 309,310
Busca and 399
dhimmis 244,310
and the Genoese treaty with Sicily 322
gesia 282
on grain 186
on Indians 411-12
on Jews 216,282
jizyah 244
on Muslims 282,309
one-fifth tax(khums ) 297
under Selim Ⅱ 445
and the US 530
Venetian privilege 285,293,294
tea 560
Boston Tea Party 530
Tel Aviv 592-3,594-6,598,600,632-3
Tell Aytun 56
Tell el-Amarna 37
Templars 593
temples
Canaanite 57
Greek mythological decoration on 113
Jerusalem Temple 67,153,216,232-3
of Melqart 75,78
Neolithic 10-11
pagan temples reopened under Julian 220
Phoenician 70,73,75,78
Puteoli temple 206
Roman destruction of pagan temples 221-2
to Sarapis 154,212-13
Tenedos 376,377
Tenenti,Alberto 462
Terence 199
Terra Amata 3
Tetuan 416,575
Teucrians 52
textile trade 401
thalassocracies
550 BC-400 BC 132-48
Etruscan 116
Roger Ⅱ,king of Sicily 318-22
Thapsos 34-5
Tharros 77
Thebes 35,342
Thefarie Velianas,king of Caere 111
Thera 26,27-8
Thermi 20
Thermopylai 136
Thessalonika 324,330,384-5
see also Salonika;Thessaloniki
Thessaloniki 572,600
see also Salonika;Thessalonika
Thessaly 53,143
Thirty Years’War 484
Thomson Holidays 633,634
Thourioi(Thurii) 176
Thrace 135,140,578
Thucydides 22,94-5,106,138,140,141,142-3,144,145
Thutmose Ⅳ,Pharaoh 38
Tiber,river ⅹⅹⅶ,109,205
Tiberius,Roman emperor 102,207,210,215,444-5
Tibnin 310
Tiepolo family(Venice) 299,331
Tilsit 523
timber 21,67,90,180,197,301,373,401,436,532,642
Egypt and 37,39,40,263,297,537,643
Timbuktu 279
Timoleon 171-3
Timur(Tamerlane) 365,384
tin 17,19,33,34,37,68,123,124,125,127,156,465,567
Tingitania 230,231
Tirant lo Blanc (Martorell) 384
Tiryns 32,46
Tito,Josip Broz 613,614,615
Titus 216
Tjaru(Tell Hebua) 38
Tjekker 39,50-51,52,55,65
Tlemcen 417,475
tobacco 477,576
Tobermory wreck 438
Toledo 340
Cathedral 364
Jews 404
Tolfa 393
tombs
Egyptian 26,35,37,39
Etruscan 100,101,104,108,111-12,114,117,563
hypogea 10-11
Iberian 129,130
Maltese 10
Mycenaean 32,34-5,54,565
Phoenician 77
Sardinian 119,120-21
at Spina 117
tools
copper and bronze 19
Mesolithic 7
Neolithic 8,9,10
Upper Palaeolithic 5,6
tophets 75,81-2
Torcello 253
Torchitorio,Mariano 275
Tortosa 405
Toscanos 78
Tossa 401
Toulon 422,495,501,502,513-14,523,524,612
tourism 380-81
gay 636
Grand Tours 562,564,632
mass tourism 631-8
Mediterranean travel accounts(1160-85) 304-17,462-3
Toussoun,Omar 591
Toya 129
trade networks 33-4,63,73,91,242,296,302,367,401,485
Aegean 29,35,55,164
Alexandria and the Hellenistic network 156-7
Byzantine 236-8
Catalan 344-8,401,410
of a Catalan-Aragonese‘empire’ 362
and commercialization 367
of Crete 485
of the Crown of Aragon 400-401
of the diaspora Jews 443
to the East 262
Euboian 92,93-4
focused on maritime trade of Genoa,Pisa and Venice 277
fragmentation of:into Christian and Muslim sectors 296:in the midthirteenth century 348-9
French 397
Genizah network 262-4
Genoese 271,354
Hellenistic 157,165
Islamic 246-7,267
Levantine 35
Phoenician 63,67-80,242
trade networks-cont .
Pisan 271-2
Roman interference in Aegean networks 164
under Roman rule 201-4
and specialization 367
trade routes
up the Adriatic 126,385
Aegean 17,22,44
alphabet carried along 110,644
Athenian 116-17,141
belief systems and ideas carried along 213,266-7,332,481,482-3
Black Death’s spread along 368
to the Black Sea 227,355,508,557
Byzantion and 227
Byzantium to Egypt 296
Corinth and 95,98-9
Coron,Modon and 419
Cyprus to Armenia 359
through the Dardanelles 376
Dodecanese islands and 577
from Dyrrhachion to Constantinople 269
to the East,opened 1497 by the Portuguese 458
between Egypt and the Tyrrhenian Sea 93-4
Epidamnos and 141
to Etruria 95,101,110
Euboian 92,93-4
Gaza and 221
Iberians and 131
to the Indian Ocean 155,157,262,355,549-50,561,573
to Islamic lands 300,465
Italian 271,288,318,404,458;Etruscan 95,101,110
from Livorno 465
Minoan 24
Nabataean 165,221
New World 410
to North Africa 465
to northern Europe 125
Ottoman 414
up the Persian Gulf 263
Persians and 134
Phoenician 66,73
Radhanite 248
down the Red Sea 158,248,296,355
reopened after Sicilian Vespers 361
Rhodes and 53,366
trans-Asiatic 355
Troy and 45
Venetian control of Byzantium routes 330
Venetian nobility’s domination of 360,365
trade shipping see shipping
Trafalgar,battle of 524
Trajan 208-9,216,382
Trani 342,388
Trapani 76,353,401
travel industry see tourism
‘Treasure of Priam’ 21,565
Treasury of Atreus 563
Trebinje 390,439
Trebizond 329,378
Treviso 377
Trieste 524,558-61,571,600,601
Tripoli 319,409,415,428,528
American conflict with 529,534-5
American treaty with 529,536
bashaw of 534
Italian rebuilding of 576
massacre by the Greeks 538
Mussolini in 604
Tripolitania 571
Trogus,Pompeius 125
Trojans
identity of 42-3
and the Sea Peoples 52
Trojan War 19,45,87,93
see also Troy
Troubridge,Thomas 515
Troy 17,18-22,25,32,43-4,53
fall of 42,47,52,84-5
Hisarlik as Homer’s 19,20,42,45
legends of 564
Mycenaean trade with 32
people of see Trojans
and trade routes 45
Troy Ⅰ 19-20
Troy Ⅱ 20-21
Troy Ⅲ 21
Troy Ⅳ 21-2
Troy V 22
Troy Ⅵ 27,42,45-6,47
Troy Ⅶa 43,47,52
Truman,Harry S.616
tuna-fishing 10,19,76,640,641
Tunis 170,246,263,346,531-2
and America 535-6
and the Barbary corsairs 416,418,421
bey of 528,531
Black Death 368
Catalans in 345,346
and Charles Ⅴ 418
fall to the Allies 610
grain 356
Hafsid rulers 334,416
Llull in 343-4
Tunisia 13,263,334,617-18
and the Bedouins 279
Capsian culture 7
Carthage see Carthage
economy 576
and the French 574,576,621
and the Italians 576
Mahdia 263,279-80,319-20,322,428
Moriscos 476
under Roman rule 203
tuna fishermen 641
Tunis see Tunis
in World War Ⅱ 610
Turgut 428,430
Turkey 445,459,482,499-500
and the EU 638-9
and Israel 638
and the Mediterranean Union 639
nationalism 583
and NATO 620
people of see Turks
and the Turkish Republic of North Cyprus 625
war with Italy 576
Turkey Company 459-60
Turkish Republic of North Cyprus 625
Turkish-Russian war 505-8
Turks 287,289,329,364-5,366
and Alfonso Ⅴ of Aragon 383-4
Anatolian 625
Austrian trade with 539
Greco-Turkish wars 538,586-8
and the Hospitallers 386
and Malta 269,428-34
Ottoman see Ottomans
pirates 428
and Rhodes 269
and Russians 505-8,510-11,518-19,522
in Smyrna 585,586-7
Turkish Cypriots 568-9,623,624-5
Turkish shipping 386,422,456-7,484,510,511
in World War Ⅰ 577-8
Young Turks 583
see also Turkey
Turmeda,Anselmo(‘Abdallah at-Tarjuman) 380-81
Tursha 49,52
Tuscany 34,81,92,104,356-7
dukes of 452,462,466-7
Etruscans see Etruscans
famines 367
grain 466
Livorno trade 464-7
Medici duke’s holy warriors 452
tourism 633
Tuscan pirates 452
wool imports 373
Tutankhamun,Pharaoh 37
Tutugi 129,130
Tyre 66-7,68-9,70,79-80,149,325
peoples of see Tyrians
Venetians in 293
Tyrians 66-7,70,75,77,81,82,194,206
Carthaginians see Carthaginians
Phoenicians see Phoenicians
and Rome 194
see also Tyre
Tyris(Valencia) 128
Tyrrhenia see Etruria
Tyrrhenian Sea 89-90,92,103,109,114-15,116,125,196,272-3,295
Tyrrhenians
Etruscans see Etruscans
pirates 195;see also ‘Tyrsenians’see also Etruria
‘Tyrsenians’(pirates) 54,71,83,105,106-7,115,195
see also pirates/piracy
Tyrsenoi 52,101-2,106
Etruscans see Etruscans
Tyrsenos 101
Ugarit 35-6,46 ,52,58,65,80
ships 72
Ukraine 355
Ulcinj 448
Ullastret 128
Uluburun wreck 33
Ulysses(Odysseus) 85,86,380
Umur Pasha 365
UNHCR 629
Uni(Etruscan goddess) 111
Union for the Mediterranean 639,640
United Arab Republic 619
United Kingdom see Britain/the British
United Nations(UN) 600,624,626
United Provinces 463
United States of America
American tourists 638
Barbary Wars 529-36
Boston Tea Party 530
and the British 529-30,535,536
and Israel 616,620
and Jews 535-6,598
and Libya 615-16
Mediterranean trade 529-30
migrations to 573
neutrality in Greco-Turkish war 587-8
shipping 529-30
and Smyrna 585,586
and the Soviet Union 613,620-21
War of Independence 529
World War Ⅱ 609,612
Urban Ⅱ 287
Ushakov,Fyodor Fyodorovich 518-19,520
Uskoks 439,449,454-7
Utica 66,76
Utrecht,Treaty of 497,498
Valencia 128,339-40,358,364,402-4
ceramics 403
Consulate of the Sea 402-3
decline of city of 474
Inquisition 475
Jews 404,405,408
llotja 399,400,402
Moriscos and the kingdom of 473,474,475
sugar 393,474
Valentinian Ⅲ,Roman emperor 232
Valéry,Paul ⅹⅹⅵ
Valette,Jean de 428,432
Valletta 429,516,520,607
Valona(Vlorë) 385
Van den Broecke,Bernard 467
Vandals 223,230-33
collapse of the Vandal kingdom 235
Veii 94,109,113,175,207
Velia 179
Velleius Paterculus,Marcus 66
Venetian Gulf 358
see also Adriatic Sea
Venetians 250,254-6
in Acre 325-6
and the Adriatic 385
and Albania 385
and Apulia 388
and Catalans 376
in Constantinople 458
and Crete 331,377,483-5
and the Crusades 292-4
and Cyprus 446-7,451,458
and Dutch 460,461
and Egypt 354
and English 459,460-61
and the Fourth Crusade 329,330
and Genoese 325-6,331,355,366,376-8
grain trade 285,358
and Greek corsairs 510-11
Inquisition 458
and Mamluks 392
and Manuel Ⅰ Komnenos 294,300,319
merchants 299-301;and the Byzantine economy 285,294;Golden Bull and privilege to trade free of tax 285,293,294,319
muda protection system from pirates 360,642
navy 322,376,448,450,461
nobility’s domination of trade routes 360,365
and Normans 284
and Ottomans 385-6,387,388,392,419-20,423,446-7,483-6,489;Cretan War(1645-1669) 484-5
and the Peloponnese 488-9
Serrata (closing to the noble ranks) 361
shipbuilding 378-9
shipping 255,360,378,379,440,460
and Thessalonika 384-5
trans-Asia trade 355
and Trieste 559,560
in Tyre 293
and the Uskoks 455,456-7
Venetian carnival 637
see also Venice
Venice 237,246,301,316,330,383
and Alexandria 255-6,292
Arsenal 378-9,445-6
Austrian control of 519,557,558
Beatrice de Luna in 442
Black Death 369
and Byzantium 278,319
Catalan consuls 401
and Constantinople 256,330
and Dalmatia 389
emergence of 254-5
garum sauce and the early prosperity of 641
and Germans 277
and the Habsburgs 456
and the Jews 296,458
and Joseph Nasi 445-6
Milizia da Mar 425
Napoleon and 518,519
people of see Venetians
political and economic reshaping in fifteenth and sixteenth centuries 457-9
and the politics of Renaissance Italy 412-13
and Ragusans 389
San Giorgio dei Greci church 458
Serenissima Repubblica 387,413,460,489
St Mark’s Basilica 255-6,285,330,636
and the Turks 386,387,388,419-20,423,446-7
and the Uskoks 455,456-7
War of Chioggia 376-8
wool industry 458
Venizelos,Eleftherios 571-2,578,585,586,588,598
Vespasian 208,216
Vespers,War of the 350,361
Vetulonia 109,123
Via Egnatia 235,252,283,350
Viareggio 633
Vichy France 606-7,610
Victor Ⅲ,Pope 280
Victor Emmanuel Ⅲ,king of Italy 611
Victoria,British queen 554,632
Victoria College,Alexandria 591
Villanovan culture 108-10,113
Villefranche 462
Vincendon,Claude 591
vines/vineyards ⅹⅹⅸ,125,164,234,267-8,295,335,483,528,629
Virgil(Publius Vergilius Maro) 74-5,102,189-90,199
Visconti,Filippo Maria,duke of Milan 382-3
Visconti lords of Milan 376,382-3
Visigoths 223,233,246
Vitellius,Aulus,Roman emperor 208
Vittoriosa(Birgu) 430,432,435
Vivara 34,89
Vix 124
Volscians 175
Voltaire 505
della Voltas of Genoa 299,315
Vukčić,Stjepan 390-91
wages 376
Waghorn,Thomas 550
Walsingham,Sir Francis 459
Ward,John 461,462
Warrior Vase 51,57
Warrior’s Tomb 108
warships/fleets/navies
Algerian 423
American 529,536
Angevin 351-2
Arab 249,250
Austrian 539,558,578,580-82
Barbary 427;see also Barbary corsairs
bertoni 461,462
British 514,524-5,564,578,579-80,588,605,606,614,622
Byzantine 233,235,249,251,324
Caeretan 114
Carthaginian 114,167,173,178,180,181,186-7
Castilian 364
Catalan 347,352,359,362-3,366,434
of Charles Ⅴ 350,351-2
conditions on 425-7
diets on 427,463
Dutch 463
Egyptian 51,156,163,293
English 488
Etruscan 114,115
French 423,514,523,581,606
Genoese 273,275
German 578;U-boats 582,609
Greek 538,588
Holy Leagues of western navies 365,419-20,449,450-51
Italian 558,582,609,611
Japanese 582
light galleys 281,315-16,449-50
Moroccan 364
Muslim 249,250-51,268,278-9,364,402,414,423-4
Neapolitan 363
Ottoman 424-7,447,448,449-50,452,484,506-7,538,539
papal 429
Persian 134
Phoenician 72,134,136-7
Phokaian 114
Pisan 272,273,275
Portuguese 366,393-5
Ragusan 438
Rhodian 163
Roman 175,176,177,178,179,180-82,185,186-7,198,208-9,210
Russian 504-7,512,520,523
Sicilian 319-20,321-2,323-4,429
Spanish 424,427,429,489;Armada 438
spiked ramming ships 72,181
Syrian 156
Venetian 322,376,448,450,461,557
Washington,George 529
water
carried by ships xxx
irrigation see irrigation
and tourism 637
transport 201;see also shipping Tyre and 68
Valencian water tribunal 408
Waterhouse,J.W.563
wax 68,114,349,355,440,465,485,532
weapons
bronze 12,17,20,32,109
copper 20
iron 248
spiked rams 72,181
weather systems ⅹⅹⅷ
see also storms;winds
weights 70
Weizmann,Chaim 591
Wenamun 39-41,55,70
Weshesh 50-51
West Bank 619,638
Wheelus Field air bases 616,621
Whitaker,Joseph 528
White Sea(Turkish name for Mediterranean) 386
battle for 428-35,445-51
Whittall family 585,586
Wilhem Ⅱ,Kaiser 577
William Ⅰ,king of Sicily,‘the Bad’ 305,322
William Ⅱ,king of Sicily,‘the Good’ 314,323-4
William of Modica 321-2
William of Orange 495
Wilusa 44-5
Winckelmann,Johann Joachim 562,563
winds ⅹⅹⅳ-ⅹⅹⅴ,ⅹⅹⅵ,ⅹⅹⅶ,71,312,313-14
wine 20,35,56,73,76,78,90,237,367,511
Alexandria and 157,159
amphorae 73,92,157,164,237
Corinthian trade in 97,285
Etruscan 109
expanding interest in Mediterranean wines 629
Greek and Etruscan production technology 125
Iberia and 129
Malmsey 485
Marsala 528
Massalia and 124
Joseph Nasi and 444
poisoned 457
Rhodian 164
Wisdom of Solomon 162
women 643-4
display of the female body 635
harems 248,644
nuns 422,501,595,644
prostitutes 74,464,644
wood see timber
Woodhouse,John 528
wool 272,295,347,373,511,642
Castilian 404
Catalan cloth 401
Crete 24
English 326,347
Flemish cloth 277,295,323
Italian cloth 323
Ragusans and 389-90,439,465
Spanish 444
Troy 21
Venetian wool industry 458
Woolley,Sir Leonard 91
World War Ⅰ 577-82
Arab revolt 592
World War Ⅱ 599,605-12
Wren,Sir Christopher 493
writing
Cretan 25,27,30-31
disappearance after twelfth century BC 63
early Greek 47,64
Iberian 129
Mycenaean 30-31
Phoenician 80,644
see also alphabet
xaloc ⅹⅹⅷ
Xenophon 167
Xerxes,king of Persia 135,137
Yom Kippur War 620
Young Turks 583
Ypres 347
Yugoslavia 611,613-14,615
disintegration of 638
tourism 636,638
Yusuf Bashaw 535
Zaccaria,Benedetto 358
Zadar 448,613
see also Zara
Zakynthos 233
Zama,battle of 187
Zante 460
Zara 329,601
see also Zadar
Zekerbaal 39-41
Zeus 221
Zeus Ammon 150
Zevi,Shabbetai 479-80,481-2
Ziani,Pietro 301
Ziani,Sebastian 300
Ziani family 299
Zionism 592,596
Zog Ⅰ(Ahmet Zogu),king of Albania 602-3
Zogheb family 591
