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Abano 632

Abbasids 263

Abdülhamid Ⅱ,Ottoman sultan 568

Abi-milki 66

Aboukir Bay 518

Abraham of Saragossa 248

Abulafia,Abraham ben Samuel 342

Abulafia,Haim 480

Abulafia,Solomon 593

Abyssinia 601

Acciaiuoli Bank 375

Aciman,André 590

Acre 55,291,300,310-11,325-6,327,331,349,616 fall of(1291)354

Military Orders of the Temple and Hospital 326

Actium 198

Adams,John Quincy 536

Adria 117

Adrianople 482

Adriatic Sea ⅹⅹⅲ,ⅹⅹⅹ,13,98,117-18,126,237,385,448

 and marshlands in the eighth century 251-4

 Turkish ships in 456

 Venetian-Genoese clashes in 377

 ‘Venetian Gulf’358

 in World War Ⅰ 580-81

Aegean

 Bronze Age 16-22,27-8

 Byzantine 246

 Crete see Crete

 Cyclades see Cyclades

 eastern 163

 Euboia see Euboia;Euboians

 Genoese control of 354

 grain sources 140

 Greek civilizations see Greek civilizations/cultures

 Levantine trade network 35

 Mesolithic 7

 northern 44,135,143

 pottery 20

 Rhodians and the Aegean islands 163

 Sea ⅹⅹⅶ,18,27,147,365,439;defended against the Persians 136-7;and the Peloponnesian War 147

 southern 16,539

 struggle of islands against the Persians 132

 trade routes 17,22,44

 Turkish assaults on Venetian naval bases in 385

 ‘Tyrsenians’see ‘Tyrsenians’

 Upper Palaeolithic 7

 western 87

 see also specific islands

Aelia Capitolina 216

 see also Jerusalem

Aeneas 74,86,189-90

Aeneid (Virgil)74

Aeschylus 132-3,137,160

Aetheria 644

Aetius,Flavius 223,232

Aetolian League 188

Aetos 87

Africa,North see North Africa

Agamemnon 45,47,565

Agathokles 173,174

Agde 126

Aghlabid emirs 250

Agnon,Shemuel Yosef 593

agriculture

 and the Black Death 367,368-9

 and economic complexity 227

 grain trade see grain trade

 kibbutz movement 592

 Neolithic 8,9,14

 North Africa 203-4

 over-exploitation of soil 234-5

 vineyards see vines/vineyards

Ahhiyawa 44

Ahiram,King,coffin 80

Ahmad ibn Hassan 309

Ahmet Pasha,Fazil 481

Ahmet Pasha,Gedik 387

Ahura Mazda 135

Aï 58

Aigina 111,143,236

Aigospotamoi,battle of 147

Aigues-Mortes 358,397

air travel 634,637

Ajaccio 515

Akdeniz see White Sea

Akhenaten,Pharaoh 37

Akra Leuke 185

Akragas 167,172,173,179,186,187

Akrotiri 27

al-Mahdiyyah see Mahdia

al-Mina 46,91,96

Alaksandu,king of Wilusa 44-5

Alalakh 46

Alalia 114

Alamanno da Costa 328

Alans 223,230,231

Alaric the Goth 223

Albania 55,283,350,385,391,577,613,614-15

 and China 623

 Italian invasion of 602-4

 tourists 636

Albertini tablets 232

Albigensian Crusade 335

alchemy 481

alcohol

 and the tourist industry 636-7

 wine see wine

Alcol 351

Aleppo 327,367

Alexander Ⅰ of Russia 520-21,523

Alexander the Great 68,149-52,153,159,174,643

Alexander/Alexandros(Paris)44

Alexandria ⅹⅹⅹⅰ,38,149-64,197,198,204,236,305-6,569,643

 attack by William Ⅱ 323

 British bombardment of 555

 British fleet at 605

 bubonic plague 368

 Catalans in 345

 Church of 255

 cosmopolitan,early twentieth century 589-92

 cult of Sarapis 154

 Delta settlement 153

 French in 606,609

 grain trade 157,158-9

 Greeks in 589-90

 Jews 153,161,162,215,218,224,590-91

 Library 159-61,197

 lighthouse of 154-5,305,309

 medical tradition 162

 Mouseion 159,160

 and Peter Ⅰ of Cyprus 359

 Ptolemaic 152-4,155-62

 reconstituted from 1956 as a Muslim Arab city 600

 and Rhodes 157,163-4

 science 162

 and the Septuagint 161-2

 trade with India 158,207

 travel accounts of 256,309-10

 and Venice 255-6,292

 Victoria College 591

Alexios Ⅰ Komnenos 283,284-5,293

Alexios Ⅳ Angelos 330

Alfonso Ⅰ,‘the Battler’of Aragon 335

Alfonso Ⅳ of Aragon 361

Alfonso Ⅴ,‘the Magnanimous’of Aragon 381-4,398,401,402

Alfonso Ⅹ of Castile 340

Alfonso Ⅺ of Castile 364

Alfonso ⅩⅢ of Spain 580

Algeciras 97,364

Algeria 528,617-18

 and the French 530,540-41,573-4,621-2

 Jews 531,573-4

 Operation Torch(World War Ⅱ)609

Alghero 275

Algiers 416,417,423,461,493

 and America 533,535-6

 dey of 528,531,535,540

 and the French 573

 French conquest of 540-41

 in World War Ⅱ 609-10

Ali Pasha of Ioannina 518,525

Alicante 465

Alkibiades 145-6

Allatini family 570,571

Allegheny ,USS 535

Alliance Israélite Universelle(AIU)570,574,585

Alma-Tadema,Lawrence 563-4

Almería 368,393

Almohads 296,298,299,310,322,332

 disintegration of Almohad power 334

 Ibn Jubayr 307-15

Almoravids 298,336

Almuñécar 78

alphabet 36,64

 carried by Euboians 93

 Etruscan 93,110

 Iberian 129

 Phoenician 80,644

alum 297,347,358,366,392-3

Alva,duke of 447

Amalfi 246,256,267-70,294-5,301,316

 merchants 294-5

Amarantus 218-19

Amaury,king of Jerusalem 324

amber 34,91,122,285

America see United States of America

American School of Classical Studies,Athens 3

American War of Independence 529

Amiens,Peace of 521

Amnisos 25

Amos 57-58

‘Amr ibn al-’As 244,549

Anatolia ⅹⅹⅸ,8,9,83

 Anatolian refugees in Salonika 598

 Bronze Age 22,34,44-5

 coast of Asia Minor 9,27,44,96,116,123,141,161,163,202,347,358,364-5,384,585

 Hittites see Hittites

 and the Mycenaeans 44-7

 pottery 20

 ‘purification’of 583

 trading network 55

 Troy see Troy

 Turks in 364-5,366

 Anaxilas of Rhegion 115

 Ancona 300,436-8,440,442-3,518

Ancona (Italian ship)582

Andalucía 127,129,130,453,630

al-Andalus(Islamic Spain)250,258,261,263,264,306,308,476,630

Andronikos Ⅰ Komnenos 324

Andronikos Ⅱ Palaiologos 354

Angevins 349-52,353,357,360,365,401

Anghelu Ruju 119

Anglicanism 501

 Anglican churches,Minorca 500

Anglo-French Dual Control Commission 554-5

animal hides see hides,animal

animal husbandry Neolithic 8

Anitta 22

Annaba 541

Annales school ⅹⅹⅵ

Anne,Queen 497

Ansaldo de’Mari 349

Antibes 422,644

Antikythera 162

Antioch 288-9,290

Antium(Anzio)175

‘Antonius Maximus’209

Antony,Mark 197-8

Antwerp 463

Anzio 175,611

Aphrodite 221

apiru 48,58

Apollo 138

Apollonia 117

Apollonios,administrator of Ptolemy Ⅱ 157

Apollonios of Rhodes 160-61

Apuleius 199

Apulia 283,288,301,322,373,387,388

 grain 351,357,358

 tourism 637

 trade with Dalmatia 389

 Turkish raids 387

 and the Venetians 388

Arab Higher Command 616

Arabs

 and the Byzantine Empire 243-51

 capture of Carthage 246

 and Charlemagne 249-50

 coinage 255,257

 conquest of Egypt 245;1952 revolution 617

 conquest of North Africa 245-6

 early Arab expansion after death of Muhammad 245

 invasions ⅹⅹⅸ,161,234

 Islam see Islam of Jaffa 593,594,600

 Muslim merchants 257,258,261-2,266,296,404,453,457,465

 Muslim naval power/piracy 249,250-51,268,278-9,402,414,423-4

 and Nasser 618-19

 in Palestine 592,594,595,616-17

 revolt in the Great War 592

Aragon 335,351

 and Castile 398,408-10

 kings of 334-5,338-41,344,345,351,353,361-2,364,376,379,381-4,387,398-9,401,405,420,646

 Moriscos of 475

Aragonese 351,352,364,365

 Angevins and 351-2

 Catalan-Aragonese commonwealth 353,361-3,381,404,409

 Inquisition 405-6

 rule over Naples 401,409

 see also Aragon

Arborea 361-2

Archidamian War 143

Archimedes 152,162,187

Arganthonios 79

Arginoussai 147

Arians 220,230,231-3

 Ostrogoths 233

Ariminum 177

 see also Rimini

Aristarchos 162

Aristonothos 104,109

Aristophanes 95,130,139

Aristotle 98

Arkadi monastery 485

Arkhanes 28,29

Arles 250

Armenia,Cilician 359

Armenians 198,583,584,586,587

Arno,river ⅹⅹⅶ,271-2,464

art

 Athenian 105-6

 Byzantine influence on Italian art 332

 cave paintings 4,5-6,7

 Cretan fresco painting 37

 Cycladic 17-18

 Egyptian 37

 Etruscan 100,103,111,112

 Greek 89,167,562-3

 Hellenistic styles 152

 Iberian 129-30

 Ionian 112

 in Majorca 399

 Minoan 36,37

 Phoenician 69

 of Ugarit 36

 see also pottery/ceramics

Artemisia,wife of Meletius 223,225

Arzawa 104

Ascalon 292-3

Ashdod 55,56,57

Ashkelon 56

Ashkenazi Jews 592,593,599

Asia Minor see Anatolia

Asquith,H.H.,ist Earl of Oxford and Asquith 578

Assurnasirpal 69

Assuwa 45

Assyrians 63,66,68,69,70,132

Astarte 70,111,130

Aswan High Dam ⅹⅹⅸ,618

asylum-seekers 629

Atatürk,Mustafa Kemal 583,585,586,587

Athena 221

Athenaios of Naukratis 116

Athenians 22,25,53,83

 Archidamian War 143

 Athenian empire 138,139,140,143

 attacks on Syracuse 115,146

 and Carthaginians 167,173

 communication channels 116-17

 and the Delian League 139

 grain trade 139-40,146,147-8,158,172-3

 kleroucboi 139-40

 navy 115,142,146,147

 Peloponnesian War 133,141-8

 and the Persians 133,136-7

 pottery/ceramics 96,101,105-6

 and the Ptolemies 160

 and Sicily 144-6

 trade routes 116-17,141

 see also Athens

Athens 25,53,55,89,131,138-44

 attack by Roger Ⅱ 319

 and Carthage 167,173

 decline during sixth century 236

 and Delos 164

 and Euboia 140,141

 people of see Athenians

 Persian sacking of 136

 plague 144

 Romans and 164

 Royal Navy’s blockade of 564

Athos 107

Atlantic economy 440-41,453-4,505

Atlantic Ocean ⅹⅹⅶ-ⅹⅹⅷ,71,347,411,440,454

 trans-Atlantic trade 411-12

Atlas 126

Atrani 268

Atreus,Treasury of 563

Attaleia 195

Attarssiya 44

Attic pottery 113,126

Attika 17,137,139

Atys,king of Lydia 101

Augustine of Hippo 218,229-30,231

Augustus Caesar 199,200,207,210

 Octavian 197,198-9,208

Aurelian 200

Auschwitz 599

Australians,Gallipoli campaign 579

Austria 600

 people of see Austrians

Austrian Lloyd 556,557,560,561

Austrians 456

 in Bosnia 571

 and Greeks 539

 Habsburgs see Habsburgs

 in Italy 601

 and Montenegro 581,582

 and Ottomans 539

 and Venice 519,557,558

 war fleets 539,558,578,580-82

 World War Ⅰ 581-2

 see also Austria

autarchy 7

Avaris 38

Avars 252

Avienus 127-8

Axis powers 605,606-11

Aydhab 296

Aydın 365,366,384

Ayia Napa 636

Ayia Photia 16-17

Ayyubids 296-7,325,329

Azores 393,620

Baal Hamon 184

Baal worship 70,81-2

Babylon 134

Bacchiad dynasty 97-8

Bacri family 531,535,540

Badoglio,Pietro 603,611

Baetica 230

Balagne 515

Balawat gates 69,73

Balbi di Correggio,Francisco 431-2,433,434

Baldwin Ⅰ of Constantinople 330

Baldwin Ⅰ of Jerusalem 291

Balearic islands 14,194,232,235,246,249-50,339,417,604

 see also Ibiza;Majorca;Minorca

Balfour Declaration 592

Balkans 383,384,385,391,437

 Franco-Turkish alliance in 421

 Ottomans in 414,421

 silver 98

 trade in the late sixteenth century 437-40

Baltharpe,John 462-3

Baltic 520

 economy 505

 grain 440,466

Banco di Roma 576

Banco di San Giorgio 392

bankers

 Florentine 351

Greek 207

Rhodian 164

Sulpicii of Puteoli 206

banks 392,400,556,576

 Florentine 375

 international 375-6

Banu Hillal 279

Banu Sulaym 279

Bar 581

Barbarigo,Agostino 450

Barbarossa,Frederick 300,302

Barbarossa,Hizr/Khizr/Hayrettin 415-18,419-20,421-2

Barbarossa,Uruj/Oruc 415-17

Barbary corsairs 414,415-18,419-20,421-2,423,452,493,498

 and America 529,530,532-6

Barbary states 434,471,492,528-36

 and America:the Barbary Wars 529-36

 corsairs of see Barbary corsairs

 regencies 500,528,532;see also Algiers;Tripoli;Tunis

 see also Algiers;Maghrib;Morocco;Tripoli;Tunisia

Barcelona ⅹⅹⅹⅰ,128,202,304,325,334,335-7,340,341,342,346,358

 attacks on Jews 405

 Biga 399,403

 and the Black Death 368

 Busca 399,403

 business elite 400

 and the Catalan civil war 401

 French in 441

 and Genoese 441

 llotja 399,400

 merchants/shipowners 345

 shipbuilding 441

 shipping 400-401

 trade in the sixteenth century 441

 trade with Catalonia 401

 and Valencia 403-4

Barcelona Process 639

Barcids 184

Bardi Bank 375

Bari 250,251,278,281,283,292,305

bashaws 528,529,531,534

Battifoglio,Pietro 299

beachwear 635-6

Beatrice de Luna(Gracia Mendes/Gracia Nasi)441-2,443,444

Bedouins 279

Beirut 359,400,616,617

Belasyse,John,Ist Baron 493

Belisarios 235

Bellini,Gentile 388

Ben Ezra synagogue,Cairo 258-9

Ben-Gurion,David 595,619

Benedict ⅩⅢ 405

Benedictines 269

 Montecassino 269,274

Benevento 295

Benjamin of Tudela 304-7,335

Berab,Jacob 407

Berbers 75,166-7,374,411,472

 Barbary corsairs see Barbary corsairs

 Islamization of 245-6

 Marinid 334,347,363-4

 see also Libyans

Bergamo 413

Betsy (US ship)533

beys 528,529

Bible 52,66-7,69,79-80,134

 account of Paul’s winter voyage to Rome 202-3

 Greek version 153

 Ladino Bible of Ferrara 442

 and the migrations of the Sea Peoples 56-58

 Muslim view of 244

 Septuagint 161-2

Biga 399,403

bikinis 635-6

Birgu see Vittoriosa

Bizerta 610

Black Death/bubonic plague 59,144,234,238,366-9,377,500

 blamed on Jews 404-5

 changes after 373,389,396,399,401,404,411

Black Sea ⅹⅹⅲ,ⅹⅹⅶ,17,86,140,285,355

 and the British 557

 Celtic and Scythian invasions of area 158

 Genoese control of 354

 grain traffic 140,355,511;and bubonic plague 368

 Mycenaean contact with 33

 and the Napoleonic Wars 522-3

 and the Russians 505,508,510,511,519

 slaves 349,355,373-4,644

 trade routes 227,355,508,557

Blakeney,William,Ist Baron,Lieutenant-Governor of Minorca 503

blancmange 404 Blegen,Carl 19,20

bluefin tuna 640

Boabdil,king of Granada 408

Boardman,Sir John 125

Bocche di Cattaro 581

Bocchoris,Pharaoh 93

Bodrum 386

Bogomils 332

Bohemond Ⅰ of Antioch(Bohemond of Taranto)283,284,288-90

Bolaffio,G.V.560

Bologna 108,116

 see also Felsina

Bombay 491

Bonaparte,Napoleon see Napoleon Ⅰ

Bonaventura (Italian ship)346

Boniface of Montferrat 330

Bonifacio 329

bora ⅹⅹⅷ,ⅹⅹⅸ,456

Boreas ⅹⅹⅸ

Borel,Lavalley and Company 551

Bosnia 449,571

Bosnia-Hercegovina 440

Bosphorus 158,376,505,508,511,518,568,580

Boston Tea Party 530

Botero,Giovanni 453

Bougie 303,344,345,409

Bourbon,Philip de see Philip Ⅴ of Spain

Bragadin,Marco Antonio 448,449

Braudel,Fernand ⅹⅹⅴ-ⅹⅹⅶ,439-40,449,451,465,641

brazilwood 301,374

Brignole Sale,Antonio Giulio 469

Brindisi 205,388,582

 Brundisium 186

Brinton,Jasper 589

Bristol,Admiral Mark L.586,587,588

Britain/the British

 aeronautical industry 634

 in Alexandria 555

 choice of Mediterranean ports ⅹⅹⅹ-ⅹⅹⅹⅰ

 contraction of control in Mediterranean 617-18,619,622-7

 and Corsica 514-15

 and Cyprus 567,568,605,623-4,628,633

 decolonization 622-5;and Gibraltar 625-7

 and Egypt 550,554-5,579,619

 England see England

 the English see English

 and the French 606

 and the French Revolutionary War 513-16

 and Gibraltar 605,625-7

 and the Greeks 564,586-7

 imperial expansion within the Mediterranean 642

 and the Italians 607

 and Malta 519,520,525,607-8,622-3

 and the Mediterranean in World War Ⅱ 605-12

 and Minorca 498-503,514

 Napoleonic Wars 522,524-6

 and NATO 620

 navy/fleets see Royal Navy

 and the Ottomans 525,538-40,568,578-80,585

 and Palestine 592,616-17,619

 and the Russians 504-6,509-10,515,522,523,612

 in Salonika 598

 and the Seven Years War 501-3

 and Sicily 525-6,607

 and Smyrna 585-6,588

 steam shipping 557

 and the Suez Canal 550,553,554-5,605,619

 tourists 633,634

 and the US 529-30,535,536

 World War Ⅰ 578-80,582

 World War Ⅱ 605-12

Broecke,Bernard van den 467

Broglie,Victor-François,2nd duc de 505

bronze 12,17,19,94

 Alexandrian 156

 Etruscan bronzes 124

 gates of Balawat 69,73

 serpent from Delphi 132

 Villanovan 108

 weapons 12,17,20,32,109

Bronze Age

 Early 9-10,15-2.3

 Late 27-8,29-41,42-6,47,48;Sea Peoples 42,49-54,55-59,66,644

 Melos obsidian 9-10

 metal work 10

 Middle 24-6

Bruges 347

Brundisium 164

 see also Brindisi

Brutus,Marcus Junius 197

bubonic plague see Black Death/bubonic plague

Bulgaria 355,439,599

 people of see Bulgarians

Bulgarians 329,330

 and Salonika 571

 see also Bulgaria

Burchard(Frankish admiral)250

burial practices 10-11,15,16,81,108

 Iberian 129

 at sea 312

 see also cremation;funerary rites;tombs

Busca 399,403

Byblos 35,37,39

Byng,Admiral John 501,502-3

Byron,George Gordon,6th Baron 564

Byzantine Christianity 162

Byzantine Empire/Byzantium 234,246,319

 economy 238,285,294

 fracturing in late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries 329-30

 and the Franks 251-4

 integration process 241

 and Islamic conquests 243-51

 jihad against 366

 under Justinian Ⅰ 234-8

 Komnenos dynasty see Komnenos dynasty

 loss of trans-Mediterranean contact 241-2,256-7

 navy/fleets 233,235,249,251,324

 and the Normans 281-4,288-9,319,322,323-4

 and Sicily 235,242,265

 and the Slavs 234,236,241-2

Byzantion 147,227

 see also Constantinople

Cádiz 66,72,78,126,465-6,489,525

Caere 94,104,108,111,112,170,175

Caeretans 114

Caesar,(Gaius)Julius 194,197

Caesarea 210,291

Café Pastroudis,Alexandria 591

Caffa 355,367-8

Caffaro di Rustico da Caschifellone 290

Caffé degli Specchi,Trieste 560

Cagliari 122,275,462,611

Cairo 324-5

 ‘Babylonia’291

 Fustat 258-60,263,270

 Genizah Jews 258-9,262,263-4,266,279,295-6,646

Cairo Genizah collection 258-9,260-61,265,281,296

Calabria 272,279,283,313,414

Caligula,Gaius 205,215

Calvi 382

Cambyses 134

Camões,Luis de 396

Canaan 35,37,48,49,57,58-59

 see also Palestine

Canaanites 80-81,644

 language 36,65,644

 Philistines see Philistines

 Phoenicians see Phoenicians

 poetry 80

 religion 57,65-6,644

Canaries 348,393,411,634,637

Candia 331,484,485

Cannae 186

Cannes 632

cannibalism 28

Cantabrians 396

Cape Verde islands 393

Caphtor 56-57

 see also Crete

Capitulations(trade treaty)422

Capstan culture 7

carbon emissions 637

Caribbean islands 411

Carmen in victoriam Pisanorum 280

Cartagena(New Carthage)185,187

Carthage 68,72,74-6,77,90,114,227,228-9,645

 Arab capture of 246

 and Athens 167,173

 Byzantine recovery of 235,236

 Colonia Iulia Concordia Carthago 210

 as a cosmopolitan city 171

 destruction of 165,177

 people of see Carthaginians

 and the Persians 135

 and the Ptolemies 157

 Punic Wars see Punic Wars

 Vandal conquest of 230-32

Carthaginians 70,72,74-6

 and Athenians 167,173

 child sacrifice 81-2

 and Corinthian pottery 96

 and Iberians 128,130-31

 invasion of Sicily 137,166-74

 massacre of Motya 170

 and Massaliots 124

 and the Peloponnesian War 146

 pre-Punic War battles with Romans 175

 Punic Wars see Punic Wars

 rise of Carthaginian empire 166-7

 in Sardinia 77,122

 Segestan appeal to 166

 and the Selinuntines 166,167

 trade and settlement along coast of Spain 126,127-8

 trade with Corinthians 97

 trade with Etruscans 101,115

 treaties with Rome 127,174-5,188

 under Vandal rule 232

 warships 114,167,173,178,180,181,186-7

 see also Carthage

cartography 340,353,379

Cassiodorus 253

Castelnuovo fortress,Naples 399

Castile 335,364,393,398,410

 and Aragon 398,408-10

 gold 411

 Moriscos 473,476

 people of see Castilians

Castilians 364,366,393,395,398,404,405,410

 expulsion of Muslims from Castilian lands 408

 see also Castile

castration 98,213,248,474

 clinics 246-7

Catalans ⅹⅹⅹ,298,336-7,338,353,376

 Catalan-Aragonese commonwealth 353,361-3,381,404,409

 and Genoese 361,382

 grain trade 346,347-8,356

 Jews 341

 and the kings of Aragon 334-5,338-41,344,345,351,353,361,362,376,381-4

 Levant trade 400

 merchants 344,353,359-60,400

 militias 344

 and Pisans 361

 rise of a Catalan-Aragonese‘empire’ 361-3

 and Sardinia 361,381

 shipping 344-8,359-60,400

 in Sicily 381

 slave trade 346-7

 textile trade 401

 trade in the fifteenth century 400,401,402

 trade networks 344-8,401,410

 trade with North Africa 402

 and the Turks of Aydin 365

 war fleets 347,352,359,362-3,366,434

 see also Catalonia

Catalonia 111,127,335,352

 Catalan wine 129

 civil war 399,401

 fleet built after siege of Malta 434

 Moriscos 475

 people of see Catalans

Cathars 332-3

 Albigensian Crusade 335

Catherine Ⅱ,the Great,empress of Russia 505,508,510,512

Catherine of Braganza,queen of England 491

Catholic Church 278,354,500

 and confessional identity 488

 in Gibraltar 497

 Inquisition see Inquisition

 in Minorca 500

 papacy see papacy

 and Russian Orthodox Church 522

Cato,Marcus Porcius,the Elder 188-9,191,200-201,203

Cattaro see Kotor

Catullus 102

Cavafy,Constantine P.591-2

Cavalcabó,marquis of 512-13

cave paintings 4,5-6,7

Cavour (Italian battleship) 607

Cecil Hotel,Alexandria 589

Celtiberians 184,185

Celtic peoples 117,118,124,125,128,158,173

 Celtiberians 184,185

ceramics see pottery/ceramics

Cerdagne 339

Cerveteri see Caere

Cesnola,Louis Palma di 568

Cetara 268

Cetinje 582

Ceuta 246,298,308,393-5,495,575,629

Chalkis 90,91,93,140

Champagne 277

Champollion,Jean-François 548

Chanel,Coco 635

Chania 484,485

Charlemagne 249-50,252,253,254

Charles Ⅰ of Anjou 349-52,358,365

Charles Ⅰ of Naples,prince of Salerno 352,354

Charles Ⅱ of England 490,492,494

Charles Ⅱ of Spain 494

Charles Ⅲ of Spain,later Charles Ⅵ,Holy Roman Emperor 495,496-7,498

Charles Ⅴ,Holy Roman Emperor 410,415,417,418,419,441,442,559

 and Francis Ⅰ 420-23

Charles Ⅵ of Austria 559

 see also Charles Ⅲ of Spain

Charles Ⅶ of France 397

Charles Ⅷ of France 387-8,420

Charles Ⅸ of France 477

Charles,prince of Viana 399

Chelouche,Aharon 593

Chelouche family 594

Cherchel see Caesarea

Cheremetov,Boris 512

Chigi Vase 96

child sacrifice 66,75,76,81-2

Chilperic Ⅱ 247

China 378,622-3,639-40

Chioggia,War of 376-8

Chios 53,83,95,236,352,358,477

 and Genoese 366,414,446

 Turks in 538

Christendom

 Christian pirates 381,414,429,435,446,449,453

 crossing the boundaries with Islam 258-70

 and the Crusades see Crusades

Christianity

 Anglicanism see Anglicanism

 Arian 220,230,231;see also Arians

 and Judaism 222-5

 attempted conversion of Muslims to 408

 Byzantine 162

 Catholic Church 278,354,500;see also papacy

 Christian relations with Jews and Muslims in Spain 340-41,404-6

 Christians viewed by Romans as atheists 213

 churches see churches

 Constantine’s conversion to 219-20

 Coptic 245

 Eastern Schism(1054) 283

 Greek Orthodox Church 282-3,354,458,485-6

 and‘heretics’ 218,220

 and Islam 244,273,281-2,340-41;Crusades see Crusades;and the fragmentation of trade networks 296;mixture of Christian and Muslim soldiers in armies 344;Pisa and the Muslims 279-81

 martyrs 214,217-18,223-4

 Melkites 591

 Minorcan Christians 224-5

 New Christians:converted from Islam see Moriscos;converted from Judaism 398,443,463-4

 and Paganism 220-22

 papacy see papacy

 persecution of Christians 214,217-18,443

 Protestantism see Protestantism

 relationships between Catholic West and Orthodox East 282-3

 rift with Judaism 213-14,217

 Roman legalization of 213,219-20,227

 Russian Orthodox Church 522

 spread across Mediterranean 213-14,220

Chrysostom,John 221

churches

 on Grado 253

 Greek style 274

 Monophysite 244

 of Pisa and Genoa 275

 relations between Greek and Latin 269,274

 Sardinian 274

Churchill,Winston 578,580,589,608,612

Cicero 78,102,186,191,196

Cid,El 336

Cilicia 92,196,197,380

 Cilician Armenia 359

 pirates 165,195

 Rough Cilicia 195,197

Circassians 248,355,373-4

Cisneros,Cardinal 409

Ciutadella,Minorca 499

 Jamona 223,224,225

Ciutat de Mallorca 338-9,340

Classis,Ravenna 211,236

Claudius,Emperor 207,215

Claudius,Appius 179

Cleopatra 197-8,199

climate changes ⅹⅹⅸ,6,7

Club 18-30 637

Club Méditerranée 633

cochineal 465,532,585

cocoa 560

Cœur,Jacques,of Bourges 397

coffee 485,528,560,585

Cohen,Eve 591

coinage 70,97

 Amalfitan 270

 Arab 255,257

 Byzantine 231,255

 Corinthian 97

 Florentine 327,358

 gold 236,237,247,255,263,270,302,308,327,358,402

 lead 237

 Rhodian 164

 Roman 204,220

 Valencian 402

Colbert,Jean-Baptiste 493

Collingwood,Admiral Cuthbert,1st Baron Collingwood 515,525

Colonna,Marcantonio 447

Colossus of Rhodes 155,163

Columbus,Christopher 409,411

Comacchio 252,253,254

commercialization 367,637

Communism 604,612,613 fall of 638

Comnenus dynasty see Komnenos dynasty

Compte,Pere 400

Concert of Europe 538

Conrad Ⅲ,king of Germany 319

Constance,queen of Aragon 351

Constance,queen of Sicily 327-8

Constantine Ⅰ,Roman emperor 19,219-20,227

Constantine Ⅺ,Byzantine emperor 384

Constantine,Algeria 540-41

Constantinople 219,221,227,234,235,242,349,354

 1453 siege 384

 after the Great War 583

 and Alfonso V of Aragon 384

 and Amalfi 269

 as a centre of Muslim sea power 424

 fall in the Fourth Crusade(1204) 329-30,332

 fall to Mehmet the Conqueror 383

 Gracia Nasi and 443

 Hagia Sophia 283

 and the Islamic world 245,246,247,251

 as link between Mediterranean and the Black Sea 285

 massacre of Italians(1182) 324,329

 Michael Palaiologos’s recapture 330,331

 Gracia Nasi and 442

 Joseph Nasi and 444

 Russian‘Great Idea’for 508

 Venetians in 458

 and Venice 256,330

Contardo,Ingheto 341

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species 640

Copenhagen,battle of 520

copper 12,15-16,17,19,33,34,35,92

 from Cyprus 70

 Etruscan 109

 Phoenician 69,70

 Sardinia 123

 Tartessian 79

 weapons 20

Coptic Archaeological Society 591

Copts 245

 of Cairo 258

Córdoba 248,249

Corfu xxx,305,319,329,525

 Channel 614-15

 and the Ottomans 419,518

 see also Kerkyra

Corinth 89,95-9,110,189,236

 attack by Roger Ⅱ 319

 Gulf of 97,285,449

 people of see Corinthians

 and Syracuse 98,172

 trade routes 95,98-9

 Venetian trade with 285

Corinthians

 and the Kerkyrans 141-2

 pottery 87,95,96,101;in Sardinia 122

 slaves 95

 trade with Carthaginians 97

 see also Corinth

Coron 419,538

Corsica 114,382,514,621

 Arab invasion 250

 and the British 514-15

 Geiseric in 233

 and the Genoese 514,515

 Ionian colony in 124

 Phokaians and 126

 in World War Ⅱ 610,611

Cosa 177,201,217

Cosimo Ⅰ,Duke 464

Cosquer grotto 4

Cossacks 479

Côte d’Azur 632,635

Cotrugli,Benedetto 390

cotton 323,359,374,437,477,560,573

Courmenin,Louis des Hayes,Baron de 477

cremation 81,108,129

Cretans

 Cretan War(1645-1669) 484-5

 fresco painting 37

 grain 483

 Greek 565-6;Orthodox 458,485-6

 hand-axes 3

 pirates 163,195

 pottery 236

 trade networks 485

 see also Crete

Crete

 1368 rebellion 377

 after the fall of Constantinople 330-31

 Bronze Age 16-17,22-8

 Byzantium and 236

 Caphtor and the Philistines 56-57

 Cretan War(1645-1669) 484-5

 Evans and the‘palace of Minos at Knossos’ 565,566

 governed by Egypt(1830-40) 565-6

 Greek Orthodoxy in 458,485-6

 Islam in 485-6

 Minoan 22-7,28,29-31,566

 Mycenaean 29-35,47

 Neolithic 8,9

 and the Ottomans 448,483-6,565-6,588

 people of see Cretans

 and Pharaonic Egypt 38

 and the Venetians 331,377,483-5

 World War Ⅱ 608

Crimea 355,368,378,510

Croatians

 pirates 439,440

 Uskoks 439,449,454-7

Croesus(Kroisos),king of Lydia 134

Cromwell,Oliver 481,488,490

cruises 637

crusaders 280,348

Crusades 287-93

 First Crusade 270,287-91

 Second Crusade 318-19

 Third Crusade 297,325

 Fourth Crusade 329-30,331,349

 Fifth Crusade 348

 and commercial revolution 293-303

cuisines 628-9

Cumae see Kyma

Curzola,battle of 355

Curzon,George Nathaniel,Marquis 585

Cybele 213

Cyclades 7,13-14,352

 Bronze Age 15-18,27-8

Cycladic art 17-18

Cyclopes(Homer) 88

Cyprus 35,55,305,358-9,414,623-5

 under the Assyrians 70,132

 and the British 567,568,605,623-4,628,633

 Byzantium and 236

 Cleopatra and 197

 deforestation ⅹⅹⅹ

 Delian League in 141

 Egyptians and 132

 and the EU 639

 Euboian ties 91

 foreign retirement problems in 632

 Genoese rights in 377

 granaries 70

 and Greece,enôsis movement 613,623,624

 Greek Cypriots 567-9,623,624-5

 invasion by Mamluks 392

 and Joseph Nasi 446

 Komnenos family in 329

 Mycenaean refugees 54

 Mycenaean trade with 33

 Mycenaeans,Hittites and 47

 Neolithic 8-9

 and the Ottomans 446-51,567-9

 pottery 38

 refugees from Acre 349

 Richard I’s capture of 325

 and the Sea Peoples 52

 tourism 631,632,633,636-7

 as a trading transit point 36

 Turkish Cypriots 568-9,623,624-5

 and the Venetians 446-7,451,458

Cyrenaica 97,135,245

 Jewish rebellion in 208-9,216

Cyriac of Ancona 380

Cyrus,king of Persia 134

Czartoryski,Adam Jerzy 521

Czechoslovakia 616

Daimbert of Pisa 292

Dalmatia 210-11,233,252,253,254,373,376,377,389,539,613,615

 Dubrovnik see Dubrovnik

 Uskoks 439,449,454-7

Dama de Elche 129-30

Damascus 620

Damietta 297,348,508

damming,North Africa 204

Danawoi 52

Dandolo,Andrea 254

Dandolo family 299,360

Danes 478,492,528

Daniel,book of 134

Danites 52,58-59

d’Annunzio,Gabriele 601-2

Dardanelles(Hellespont) 20,135,147,376,484,522,538,578-80

 and the Russians 510,511

Dardanians 41,52

Darius Ⅰ,king of Persia 135

Darius Ⅲ,king of of Persia 149

Darlan,Admiral Jean François 606,609-10

Dartmouth,William Legge,1st Earl 494

Datini,Francesco di Marco 373-5

David,Elizabeth 628

David,king of Israel 57,59

de Gaulle,Charles 621

de Lesseps,Ferdinand see Lesseps,Ferdinand,Vicomte de

de Malla family 345

Decatur,Stephen 534-5,536

Decius,Gaius Messius 217

decolonization

 British 622-5;Gibraltar 625-7

 French 621

deforestation ⅹⅹⅹ,234

Delacroix,Eugène 538,546

Delian League 139,140-41,142

Delos 138,139,164-5,201,205

Delphi 95,96,113,114,125,132,380

 decline during sixth century 236

 Oracle 32,136

Demaratos of Corinth 98,99,104

Demeter 130,171

Demetrios of Phaleron 159,160

Demetrios Palaiologos 384

Demetrios,Seleucid king 163

democracy 135,138,139,613

 democrats and aristocrats,Peloponnesian War 141-2

 lost to tyrants 168-70

Denia 336

Denmark 520

Denyen 50-51,52

Derne 535

‘Desert Rats’609

deys 528,529,531,535,540

dhimmis 244-5

Diana culture 13

Dido,queen of Carthage 74-5,189-90

diet see food

Diocletian,Roman emperor 226-7

Diodoros the Sicilian 79,163

diolkos (slipway) 95,97

Dionysios Ⅰ of Syracuse 98-9,130,168,170-71

Dionysios of Halikarnassos 98,102-3,104

Dionysos(god) 105-6

Dioskorides 266-7

Disraeli,Benjamin 554,570

Diversis,Philippus de 389

divination 113

Dodecanese islands 577,601,611,629

Dominicans 341,379-80,406,439

Don John of Austria 448,449,451,472

Donatists 217,220

Dönme sect 482

Dor 39,41

Doria,Andrea 419,420,421,428

Doria,Gian Andrea 428-9,447

Doria,Pietro 377

Doria family of Genoa 275

Dorians 53,83

 and the Peloponnesian War 145

Doublet,Pierre Jean 517

Dragut(Turgut) 428,430

dried fruits 340,355,358,366,378,393,400,404,460,466,485,511,528,584

Druze warriors 305

Držić,Marin 439

Dual Control Commission,Anglo-French 554-5

dualism 332

Dubrovnik(Ragusa) 323,332,388-91,401,423,438-9,440,442,448,532 539

 and Ancona 437,438

 inhabitants see Ragusans

 and the Russians 521-2

 tourism 637

 and the Uskoks 457

 wool trade 389-90,439

Dunkerque (French ship) 606

Duran,David 531

Durazzo 385,388,448,582

 see also Dyrrhachion;Epidamnos

Durrell,Lawrence 589,591,623

Durrës see Durazzo;Dyrrhachion;Epidamnos

Dutch 463 see also Holland

 and English 462,467,488,493,495

 and Genoa 468

 grain trade 466

 and Livorno trade 465,466

 navies 463

 seamen 454

 tourists 633

 and Venetians 460,461

Dyrrachium see Durazzo;Dyrrhachion;Epidamnos

Dyrrhachion 235-6,269,283,285,324,350

 see also Durazzo;Epidamnos

early man,pre-Neolithic 3-8

earthquakes 27-8,45,164,438-9

Eaton,William 531-2,535

ebony 37,158,310

Ecija 405

economy

 agricultural 204

 Alexandrian 155-6

 Atlantic 440-41,453-4,505

 Baltic 505

 and the Black Death 366-9

 boom in the sixteenth century 436-9

 Byzantine 238,285,294

 and China 640

 domination by cities 357-8

 economic recovery(redreç ) 399,401

 Egyptian 155-6,537

 European economic crisis 629

 European economic network 323

 Genoese 392

 global 640

 Greek 639

 Italian capital 400

 and the Japanese 638

 Mediterranean 97;growing complexity and disintegration 226,227

 Mediterranean Union economic objectives 639

 North Sea 505

 northern European economies 440

 redreç /economic recovery 399

 of Salonika 598

 Spanish 634;Genoa and Spanish finances 468

 specialization and the Mediterranean economy 373

 and tourism 633-4

 transformations after the Black Death 373,399,401,404

 Tunisian 576

 Valencian 404

 Venetian 457-8

 voluntary limitation of economic growth 639

Eden,Anthony 618,619

Edessa 318

Edicts of Toleration 559

Edward Ⅳ,king of England 396,403

Edwin (US ship) 535

EEC(European Economic Community) 621

Egadian islands 5

 Punic naval battle off 182

Egeria 644

Egesta see Segesta

Egypt ⅹⅹⅸ,14,22

 and Alexander the Great 149-52

 Alexandria see Alexandria

 Arab seizure of power(revolution of 1952) 617,618

 under Ayyubids 296-7

 and the British 550,554-5,579,619

 Cairo see Cairo

 and Constantinople 227,242

 economy 155-6,537

 European imports in the thirteenth century 326

 Fatimid 291,296-8,324-5;see also Fatimids

 French fascination with ancient Egypt 547-8

 government of Crete(1830-40) 565-6

 grain trade 157,158,164,203,204,227,242

 incident with Pisan merchants 297-8

 irrigation 376

 under Ismail Pasha 551-2

 Israel and:ancient Israelites 58;modern state of Israel 618-20

 and James Ⅱ of Aragon 345

 Jewish rebellion in 208-9,216

 and the Karimis 296

 and the kingdom of Jerusalem 348

 late Roman 227

 Libyan invasions of 48-50

 Mamluks in 349,355,392,397

 Muhammad Ali and 537-40

 Muslim conquest 245

 and Napoleon 515-16

 under Nasser 618-20

 Ottoman 485,518,545-8

 people of see Egyptians

 Pharaonic 36-41,48-53,63,132;and Crete 38;Hyksos dynasty 37,38

 Ptolemaic 152-64,188,197-200

 and the Romans 197-200,208-9

 Sea Peoples’invasion of 50-53,55

 Suez Canal see Suez Canal

 and Syria 35-6,38,39-41

 taxation 297

 timber 37,39,40,263,297,537,643

 and Tyre 68-9

 and Ugarit 35-6

Egyptians

 in Ascalon 292-3

 ceramics 280

 and Cyprus 132

 navy/warships 51,156,163,293

 papyrus 156-7,161

 in Puteoli 206

 trade routes to Tyrrhenian Sea 93-4

 see also Egypt

Eilat 619

Eisenhower,Dwight D.609,619

Eknomos,battle of 181-2

Ekron 56,57

Ekwesh 49,52

El Alamein 609

Elba 109,115,334,383,416

Elche bust 129-30

Eleonora of Arborea 362

Eliadar,wife of Solomon of Salerno 301,302

Eliott,George Augustus 509

Elissa(Dido) 74-5

Elizabeth Ⅰ,queen of England 453,459,477

Elizabeth Ⅱ,British queen 622,626

Elliott,John 402

Elymians 76,145,167

Emborio 53,54

Embriaco family 290-91,305,315

emperor worship 213,220

Emporion 110-11,124,126,128,185

Empúries see Emporion

Enfantin,Barthélemy-Prosper 546-8

England

 and Catholic Spain 453,459

 and the Genoese 396-7

 Mediterranean trade with 347

 people of see English

 Philip Ⅱ’s wars with Elizabeth Ⅰ 453

 trade in the sixteenth century 459-61

 see also Britain/the British

English

 changing alliances between Spain and France 488

 conflicts with Spaniards 489-90

 and Dutch 462,467,488,493,495

 and Gibraltar 490,494-8

 pirates 461

 shipping 396-7

 and Tangier 491-4

 trade in Turkey 499-500

 and Venetians 459,460-61

 war fleets 488

 see also Britain/the British;England

Enkomi 35

Enna 282

Enrico Pescatore 328

environmental pollution 637,640

EOKA(Ethniki Organôsis Kypriôn Agonistôn ) 623

Epeiros 55,330

Ephesos 236

Epicureans 305

Epidamnos 98,117,141-2

 see also Durazzo;Dyrrhachion

Epirus see Epeiros

Eraclea 253

Eratosthenes 47,162

Eretria 90,91

Eryx(Erice)shrine 76

Ethniki Organôsis Kypriôn Agonistôn (EOKA) 623

Etruria 63,77,79,94,95,100,107,183,562

 Eastern influences 111

 engagements against pirates 195

 people of see Etruscans

 Tarquinia see Tarquinia

 trade routes 95,101,110

Etruscans 52,63,72,77,83,90,94,100-118

 alphabet 93,110

 art 100,103,111,112

 bronzes 124

 and Corinthian pottery 96

 ethnic origins 101-5

 influence on La Tène culture 125

 language 104

 migration 101-5,108,117

 and the Peloponnesian War 146

 Phoenician trade 111

 and Phokaians 114

 pirates 63,72,105-6,109

 political relations with Greeks 113-16,125

 pottery 78,109,110,112-13;in Massalia 124;in Sardinia 122

 and Romans 175

 sexual behaviour 105

 soothsayers 113,220

 tombs 100,101,104,108,111-12,114,117,563

 trade with Carthaginians 101,115

 trade with Greeks 110-11

 Villanovan culture 108-10,113

 see also Etruria

EU(European Union) 625,629,638-9,640

Euboia 75,77,90-91,94-5,135

 Athens and 140,141

 marble 222

Euboians 75,89-95

 Lelantine War 94-5

 pottery 87,92

Euclid 152,162

Eudoxia,Empress 221,222

Eugénie of France,Empress 552

Euripides 146,160

European Economic Community(EEC) 621

European Union(EU) 625,629,638-9,640

Evans,Sir Arthur 26,565,566

Exarchate of Ravenna 252,253

Exekias 105-6

Eynan(Ayn Mallaha) 8

Ezekiel 68

Fabri,Felix 379-80

Fabriano paper 437

Falangists 604

Falastin (newspaper) 594,596

Famagusta 358,359,446,447-8,449,451,624

famines 367

Farouk,king of Egypt 617

Fascism 601-4,611

‘Fat Lady of Saliagos’ 18

Fatimids 270,279,289,293,296-8,301,324-5

fauna 6,7

Fayyum 14

Fayyum,Lake 38

Felsina 117

 see also Bologna

Ferdinand Ⅰ,duke of Tuscany 466-7

Ferdinand Ⅰ,king of Aragon 405

Ferdinand Ⅱ,king of Aragon 387,398,405,406,408-10,415,420

Ferdinand Ⅳ,king of Naples 524,525

Fernando,brother of Henry the Navigator 396

Ferrante Ⅰ,king of Naples 387,396,398

Ferrante Ⅱ,king of Naples 388,406

Ferrara 358,406,442

fertility cults 11,18,154

Fibonacci,Leonardi 332

Fifth Monarchy Men 481

Finley,Moses 88,97

fish ⅹⅹⅷ,76,641

 of the Adriatic marshlands 252,253

 and the Mediterranean diet 629

 over-fishing 640

 preservation 76,641-2

 sauce 76,97,202,206,247,641

 stocks xxx

 trade in 389,396,460

 transport 401

 tuna-fishing 10,19,76,640,641

Fisher,John Arbuthnot,1st Baron 579

Fiskardo 284

Fiume(Rijeka) 601-2

Flanders 295,346,411,441-2,447

 Venetian trade with 379

flax 263,264,279,297

FLN(Front de Libération Nationale ) 621,622

flora 6

Florence 327,356-7,358,383,632

 Jewish ghetto 464

 people of see Florentines

Florentines 327,437

 bankers 351

 banks 375

 cloth trade 437,438

 Jews 464

 Medici 403

 shipping 404,437

 see also Florence

Fondi 418

fonduks 298-9,325,345,346,348,369,645

food

 dried fruits see dried fruits

 grain see grain trade

 Mediterranean cuisines 628-9

 on package holidays 635

 rationing 628

 and sea transport 202

 spice trade see spice trade

 warship diets 427,463

Forrestal,James 616

Forster,E.M.591-2,632

Fortis(Pisan pirate) 329

Forum Julii 210

 see also Fréjus

Fos-sur-Mer 247

France

 Charlemagne’s defence of 250

 dominating Ottoman trade 585

 and the EEC 621

 French Revolutionary War 513-20

 Hellenization of southern France 125

 Jewish emigration to 598,617

 and NATO 620

 people of see French

 Provence see Provence

 spice trade 397

 tin of southern France 123,124

 tourism 636

 Vichy 606-7,610

Francesco Ⅰ,duke of Tuscany 464

Franchthi cave 7

Francis Ⅰ,king of France 418-19,420-23,644

Franciscans 342,439

Franco,Francisco 604,605,621,625-6

frankincense 158,165

Franks 247,250,251-4,255,311,324-5,326,342,349

Franz Josef,emperor of Austria 552,558

Fraxinetum 250

Frederick Ⅰ,Barbarossa,German emperor 300,302

Frederick Ⅱ of Hohenstaufen,German emperor and king of Sicily 328,331,349,350,361,366

free ports 164,201,436-7,464-8,559

Fréjus 302

 Forum Julii 210

French

 and Aigues-Mortes 358

 and Algeria 530,540-41,573-4,621-2

 alliance with Italians against Turkish threat 365

 in Barcelona 441

 and the British 606

 contraction of control in Mediterranean 617-18,619

 cultural imperialism 570

 decolonization 621

 and Egypt’s threat to Israel 619

 fascination with ancient Egypt 547-8

 Franco-Turkish alliance 418-19,420-23,475

 Hallstatt culture 125

 and the ideal of progress 549

 invasion of Catalonia 352

 in Italy under Louis Ⅻ 409

 Levant trade 499

 and Minorca 498,501-3

 Napoleonic Wars 513,522-3,524-6

 navy/fleets 423,514,523,581,606

 and the Ottomans 418-19,420-23,475,539,546-8

 Revolutionary War 513-20

 in Salonika 598

 Seven Years War 501-3

 and Smyrna 585

 and the Suez Canal 548-9,550,553,554-5

 tourism 633

 trading networks 397

 in Tunisia 574,576,621

 World War Ⅰ 581

 World War Ⅱ 606-7,609,610,611-12

 xenophobia in southern France 622

 see also France

Friuli 387

Front de Libération Nationale (FLN) 621,622

Fufluns 644

funerary rites 18,93,105,114

Fustat(Old Cairo) 258-60,263

 Amalfitans in 270

Gaddafi,Muammar al-622

Gadir 78

Gaeta 268,269

Galata 354

Galen 152

Galicians 396

Galilee 407

Galissonière,Roland-Michel Barrin de la 502

galley slaves 425-7,435

Gallipoli 366

 campaign 579-80

Gamaliel 224

García de Toledo,Don 433

garon/garum sauce 76,97,202,206,247,641

Gaul 246,247

 Visigothic rule of southern Gaul 233

Gaza 56,221-2,237,618-19,638

 bubonic plague 368

Gaza Strip 56

Geddes,Patrick 595-6

Geiseric 230-31,233

Gela 167-8,172

Gelidonya wreck 33

Gelimer,King 232

Gelon 114,137

gender 643-4

Genizah collection 258-9,260-61,265,281,296

Genizah Jews of Cairo 258-9,262,263-4,266,279,295-6,646

Genoa 237,271,301,346,358,420

 as banker to the Spanish empire 441

 Black Death 369

economy 392

 as a free port 467-8

 government of 276-7

 and the Jews 296,406

 people of see Genoese

 and the Visconti lords of Milan 376

 War of Chioggia 376-8

Genoese 272-8,286,305,467-9

 in Acre 325-6

 and Alfonso V of Aragon 382-3

 alliance with Spain 412,468

 and the Almohads 298

 alum 392-3

 in Barcelona 441

 and the Black Death 367-8,369

 and Catalans 361,382

 and Chios 366,414,446

 compagna 276-7,290

 cooks 628

 and Corsica 514,515

 and the Crusades 290-92,331,349

 and the English 396-7

 and Frederick Ⅱ of Sicily 349

 on Gibraltar 497

 grain trade 347-8,355-6,392

 and Henry,count of Malta 331

 in Majorca 338

 massacre in Constantinople(1182) 324,329

 merchants 277,278,298-9,301-3,341,344,358,441

 in North Africa 298-9

 and the Ottomans 392-3

 pirates 328-9,331

 and Pisans 273,274,275,278-9,305,334

 and Sardinia 273,274-5

 in Seville 412

 shipping 315,316-17,347-8,360,378,404

 and Sicily 322-3,328

 slave trade 355

 and Syracuse 328

 trade networks 271,354

 and Venetians 325-6,331,355,366,376-8

 see also Genoa

Georg,Meister 386

George Ⅰ,king of Greece 578

George Ⅲ,British king 515

George Ⅵ,British king 608,610

George of Antioch,admiral 319,321

George of Darmstadt-Hesse,Prince 495,496

George,prince of Greece 566

George Washington (US ship)533

Germaine of Foix,queen of Aragon 410

Germanic peoples

 barbarians 208,226,229,230-33

 Lombards 237,253

 warfare with Slav peoples 248

Germans

 at the beginning of the twentieth century 577

 German merchants ⅹⅹⅸ,277,401

 Hanseatic 463,468

 in Libya 576

 Nazis 599,600,605-10,611,612

 seamen 454

 tourists 633,636

 U-boats 582,609

 World War Ⅰ 582

 World War Ⅱ 605,606-10,611,612.

 see also Germanic peoples;Germany

Germany

 and the‘kingdom of Italy’ 275

 Nazi 605-10,611,612

 people of see Germans

 Rosicrucian enlightenment 481

Gezer 35,56

Ggantija 11

Ghaylan,Abdallah 492,494

Ghent 347

ghettos 438-9,442,443,458,464,559,599,646

Ghibellines 351,365

Giacometti,Alberto 123

Gibbon,Edward 226

Gibellet 305

Gibraltar 364,394,398,490,494-8,509,605,625-7

 Jews 497-8,536 Neanderthals 3-4

 Straits of 71,78,363-4,366,395,398,557

Gibraltar Woman 3

Giornata (trading company) 531

Giovanni Scriba(‘John the Scribe’) 278

Giraud,Henry 610

Giraud family 585

Giustiniani,Niccolò 415

goddesses

 earth-goddesses 57,213

 Egyptian 199,212-13

 Etruscan 111

 Great/Mother Goddess 11,12,18,213

 Greek 31-2,101,171

 Minoan 26

 Mycenaean 32

 Phoenician 70,101,111,130

Godfrey of Bouillon 290

gods

 Anatolian 104

 Canaanite 57,644

 Carthaginian 171;see also Melqart

 Egyptian 154,209

 Etruscan 644

 existence of pagan gods denied by Jews and Christians 213

 God of Israel 199

 Greek 31-2,101,105-6,130,138,150,154,165,644

 Mycenaean 32

 Persian 135

 personification of 154

 Philistine 57

 Phoenician 73,75,101,645

 posing as merchants 88

 Roman mixture of 209

 sea-gods 22,73,85,165,644

 storm-gods 104

 sun-gods 37

 see also specific gods

Goitein,Shlomo Dov 259,266

Golan Heights 619

gold

 Alexandria and 156,158

 Byzantine 242

 Castile and 411

 coins 236,237,247,255,263,270,302,308,327,358,402

 dust 279,298

 Egyptian 37

 of Florentine businessmen 327

 Guinea trade 411

 Libyan 48

 Mycenaean 29,32

 New World 468

 of the Sahara 263

 Tartessian 79

 Trojan 21,22

Golden Horn 285,294,354,578

Goliath 57

Gonzaga,Giulia 418

González de Córdoba,Fernando 409

Gortyna 236

Gothic Wars 235

Goths 229,230,232,234,235

Gozo 10,11,415,428

Gracchus,Tiberius 200

Grado 252,253

grain trade ⅹⅹⅸ,28,70,144,202-4,642

 African 203

 Alexandria 157,158-9

 Apulian grain 351,357,358

 Athens 139-40,146,147-8,158,172-3

 Baltic grain 440,466

 Black Sea traffic 140,355,368,511

 and bubonic plague 368

 Byzantine 236

 Catalan 346,347-8,356

 Corinth 285

 and Crete 483

 and the Dutch 466

 Egyptian 157,158,164,200,203,204,227,242

 Florentine 356-7

 following the Black Death 373

 Genoese 347-8,355-6,392

 grain ships 202-3,205

 in the Islamic world 263

 in the late sixteenth century 437-8

 Moroccan 298,392

 and north European merchants 454

 Ostia 207-8

 Puteoli 207

 Rome 175,195,200-205,207-8,227;and pirates 196

 Sicilian grain 144,172-3,179,186,263,279,319,322-3,346,356,392,436,468,527-8

 between Sicily and Athens 172-3

 taxation 186

 Vandal control of 233

 Venice 285,358

Granada

 Black Death 368

 conquest by Ferdinand and Isabella 408,409

 Moriscos of 471-4

 Muslim kings of 363-4

 Nasrid 334,347,393,395,404

Grand Tours 562,564,632

Great Britain see Britain/the British

‘Great Green’ 38

Great/Mother Goddess 11,12,18,213

Greece 53-55,117

 and Austrian trade with the Turks 539

 the British and Greeks 564,586-7

 civil war(1943) 611

 Communist insurgency 612,613

 conflicts with Turks in the nineteenth century 538-9

 and Cyprus,enôsis 613,623,624

 Andrea Doria in 419

 early contact with Sicily 33

 economic collapse 639

 Etruscan trade 110-11

 Greco-Turkish wars 538,586-8

 Greek art 89,167,562-3

 and Greek Cypriots 567-9,623,624-5

 Greek fleets 538,588

 Greek nationalism 568-9,623

 Greek pottery 75,77,108,113;Attic 113,126;Helladic 33,35,43,53;in Massalia 124,125;Mycenaean 34,35,43,46,51,54,56;in Sardinia 122

 Greeks in Alexandria 589-90,591

 Greeks in Smyrna 584,586-7

 Greeks of Salonika 570,571-2

 Greeks servicing trade in the sixteenth century 459

 Hellas 95,114-15,132-3,134,137,142,171,564

 migrations into southern Greece 54-55

 and NATO 620

 northern Greece and the second Punic War 186

 Persian invasion 132-7

 raids by Roger Ⅱ 319

 romantic assumptions about 564

 under Slav rule 234

 trade network with Asia Minor 55

 Vandal raids on 233

 Venice and Greek corsairs 510-11

Greek civilizations/cultures

 Athenian see Athenians

 Dorian 53

 Euboian see Euboians

 first contact with Italian lands 89-94

 Greek Cypriots 567-9

 Hellenic identity 83,132

 hellenization of Spain 126-30

 and Iberians 128-31

 Ionian see Ionians

 Minoan see Minoan civilization

 Mycenaean see Mycenaeans

 Phoenician relations 63,64,79,90

 Phokaian see Phokaians

 political relations with Etruscans 113-16,125

 in Sicily 282

 in southern Italy 123

 Spartan see Spartans

 the wanderers:heirs of Odysseus(800 BC-550 BC)83-99

Greek Orthodox Church 354,623

 in Crete 458,485-6

 relationship with the papacy 282-3

Gregorios,governor of Sicily 250

Gregory of Tours 237

Gregory Ⅶ,Pope 344

Grimaldi family 360

Grivas,George 623

Grove,Alfred,and Rackham,Oliver ⅹⅹⅸ-ⅹⅹⅹ

Guelfs 351

Guglielmo Grasso 329

Guiscard,Robert 281-2,283,284,294,324

‘Gulf of the Lion’ ⅹⅹⅷ

Gylippos 146

Ha-Levy,Judah 259

habiru 48,58

Habsburgs 378,410,417,420,456,494,495,521,557-8,559

hadith 341

Hadrian,Roman emperor 208,216,382

Hadumar 250

Haganah 616,617

Haifa 292,598,616-17

 Bay 605

Halfon ben Nethanel 264

Halikarnassos,Mausoleum 386

Hallstatt culture 125

Hamas 638

Harriet Bashaw 535

Hamilcar(Carthaginian commander in western Sicily) 173

Hamilcar(d.480 bc) 167

Hamilcar Barca 184

Hamilton,Sir William 562

hamsin ⅹⅹⅷ

Hannibal 184,185,186,187

Hapag Lloyd 633

harems 248,644

Harris,Sir James 509-10

Harun ar-Rashid 252

al-Hasan,emir of of Mahdia 319-20

al-Hasan ibn Muhammad al-Wazzan(Leo Africanus) 381

Hasday ibn Shaprut 266-7

Hasdrubal 172,184,185

Hatti 21,22

Hazor 67

Hebrews 48,58-59,66-7,70,280

 see also Israel;Jews

Helladic pottery 33,35,43,53

Hellas 95,114-15,132-3,134,137,142,171,564

 see also Greece

Hellenism,opposition to Judaism 153

Hellenistic culture 152,162,199,211,213

 and the modification of religious beliefs 213

Hellenistic philosophy 162

Hellespont 135,147

 see also Dardanelles

Henry,count of Malta 328,330-31

Henry Ⅲ,king of France 423

Henry Ⅳ,king of France 475

Henry,king of Portugal 453

Henry,prince of Castile 344

Henry the Navigator 393

Henry Ⅵ,German emperor and king of Sicily 327,328

Herakles 74,645

Heraklion see Candia

Herceg Novi 390,438,511

Hercegovina 390

 Bosnia-Hercegovina 440

Herculaneum 562

Hermapollo (Egyptian ship) 158

Hermes 165

Herod Agrippa Ⅰ,ruler of Judaea 205

Herodotos 72,79,98,101,102-3,106,111,114,123-4,132,133,134

Herzl,Theodor 592

Herzliya Gymnasium,Tel Aviv 595

Hesiod 86,87,90,126

Hesperides,Garden of 126

hides,animal 40,437,439,532

 on ships 283,284,300

Hieron of Syracuse 114,115,178,179,182-3,186

Hillel 222

Himera 114,167

 tyrant of 130

Himilco 170

Hippo 230,231

Hiram,king of Tyre 66-7,69

Hisarllk 19,20,42,45

 see also Troy

Hitler,Adolf 605,606,609,610

Hittites 41,43-5,46,50,51

Hohenstaufen 325,327,328,331,351

Holaies the Phokaian 106-7

Holland 461,463

 Calvinist 493

 people of see Dutch

 see also Netherlands

Holocaust 599

Holy Grail 291

Holy Land 269,293,303,348-9

 and the Crusades see Crusades

 Jewish pilgrims 304

 pilgrimage to 379-80

 see also Israel;Palestine

Holy Leagues 365,419-20,421,447,448,449,450-51

Homer 20,23,32,42,43,44,52,58,63,68,75,88,95,645

 and Alexander the Great 150

 Iliad 19,30,86

 Odyssey 85-6,87,88-9,513,150

Homeric Hymns 90,105

Hompesch,Ferdinand von 516,517

honey 68,114,139,157,225,401,465,485

Hood,Samuel,1st Viscount 513-14,515

Horace,poet 102,199

Horden,Peregrine and Purcell,Nicholas ⅹⅹⅸ-ⅹⅹⅴ,ⅹⅹⅶ

Horns of Hattin 325

horse-breeding 117

Horthy,Miklós 581

Hospitallers see Knights Hospitallers

Hoxha,Enver 613-15,636

human sacrifice 25,28,46,75,78

 child 66,75,76,81-2

 Phoenician 81-2

Humbert of Silva Candida,Cardinal 283

Hunyadi,John,king of Hungary 383

Husayni,Amin al-,Grand Mufti of Jerusalem 604

Hussein Ⅰ,king of Jordan 620

Hydra 538

Hyères 632

Hyksos dynasty 37,38

hypogea 10-11

Iberians 78-9,128-31,167

 absorption into Syracusan forces 170

 alphabet and script 129

 art 129-30

 Celtiberians 184,186

 Greek and Carthaginian interaction with 128-31

 and Hamilcar 184

 pottery 130

 Roman captives 192

 tombs 129,130

Ibiza 78,97,339

 gay tourism 636

 salt 346

 see also Balearic islands

Ibn al-‘As,‘Amr 244

Ibn al-Athir 279

Ibn al-Hawas 281-2

Ibn ath-Thimnah 282

Ibn Hammud 302-3

Ibn Jubayr,Muhammad ibn Ahmad 307-15

Ibn Khurdadbih,Abu’l Qasim 248

Ibrahim Pasha,Grand Vizier 418

ice caps 6

idols 18

Ilios 19,44,45

 see also Troy

Illustrious ,HMS 607

Illyria 522

IMRO(Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation) 571

India 515-16

 trade with Alexandria 158,207

 Indian Ocean 200,296,396,446,463,578

 trade routes to 155,157,262,355,549-50,561,573

Indians 411-12

indigo 323,326,374,466,585

Innocent Ⅲ,Pope 331

Inquisition 405-6,442

 Aragonese 405-6

 banned from British territories 500

 and the Moriscos 470-71

 Portuguese 463-4

 treatment of Protestants 461

 Valencian 475

 Venetian 458

insurance,maritime 402,439,457,465

Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation(IMRO) 571

Intrepid (US ship) 534

Ionia 110,123-4,135,137

 people of see Ionians

Ionian isles 233,283,313,321,460,518-19,521,525

Ionian Sea 13,33,98,174,439,448

Ionians 80,83,96,111

 art 112

 in Corsica 124

 cult of the Delian Apollo 138

 and the Lydians 134

 at Massalia 123-4

 and the Peloponnesian War 145

 and the Persians 123-4,134,135,137

 relations with Etruscans 111,114

 see also Ionia

Iran 245

Iraq 69,245,619

 oil pipeline from 605

iron 92,94,109,300

 and the Philistines 57

 weapons 248

ironclads 555-6,557-8

irrigation 474

 Egypt 376

 North Africa 204

Isaac Ⅱ Angelos,Byzantine emperor 332

Isabella Ⅰ,queen of Castile 398,408

Isaiah 79-80

Ischia(Pithekoussai)34,89-90,92-4,95,110,268,422

Isis,cult of 199,213

Islam and the Muslim peoples 296

 Almohad 296,298,299,310,322;see also Almohads

 Arab capture of Carthage 246

 bringing new unity across the Mediterranean 246

 Byzantium and the conquests of 243-51

 and Christendom:crossing the boundaries 258-70;Crusades see Crusades;mixture of Christian and Muslim soldiers in armies 344

 and Christianity 244,273,340-41;Christian expansion into Muslim Mediterranean,late eleventh century 281-2;Pisa and the Muslims 279-81

 converted Muslims,‘Moriscos’408,434,447,453,470-76,647

 in Crete 485-6

 and dhimmis 244-5

 exiled Muslims struggling to retain knowledge of 408

 expulsion of Muslims from Castilian lands 408

 extinction of Muslim rule in Spain 408

 Ferdinand Ⅱ’s war against 408,409

 Greek massacre of Muslims in Tripoli 538

 Islamic ceramics 280

 Islamization of North African Berbers 245-6

 James Ⅰ of Aragon and Muslims 339-41

 view of Jesus(Isa)244

 jihad 366,384

 and Judaism 244,340-41

 modern migrants 630

 Muslim aims in the time of Muhammad 243

 Muslim merchants 257,258,261-2,266,296,404,453,457,465

 Muslim naval power/piracy 249,250-51,268,278-9,364,402,414,423-4

 Muslim relations with Christians and Jews in Spain 340-41,404-6

 Muslim slaves 308,346-7

 Muslims in Salonika 598

 Muslims of Valencia 339-40,341

 and Ottoman expansion 414,423-4;see also Ottomans

 and paganism 244

 and the slave trade 246-7,248

 Sunni 298,310,334

 trade networks 246-7

Ismail Pasha 545,551-2,553,554-5

Isokrates 139-40

Israel 49,52,92

 cult of the God of 199

 Late Bronze Age 57-59

 modern state of 616-17,638;and Egypt 618-20;and the Mediterranean Union 639;tourism 632-3

 and Tyre 66-7

 see also Hebrews;Holy Land;Palestine

Issos,battle of 149

Istanbul 354

 see also Constantinople

Istria 252,601

Italian culture 439

Italian language 439

Italian Social Republic 612

Italians

 Albania invasion 602-4

 and the British 607

 contraction of control in Mediterranean 617-18,621-2

 Fascist 601-4

 Gothic Wars 235

 and Libya 576

 merchants 164-5,183,264,270,285,291,297-8,324,332,338,349,354,441,459,646

 and North Africa 574-5

 and Rhodes 577

 spas 632

 trade routes 271,288,318,404,458;Etruria 95,101,110

 and Tunisia 576

 war fleets 558,582,609,611

 war with Turkey 576

 World War Ⅰ 581-2

 World War Ⅱ 607,608,609,611-12

 see also Italy

Italiote League 175-6

Italy

 Adriatic lagoons and marshlands 251-4;and the emergence of Venice 254-5

 Austrians in 601

 Charlemagne’s defence of 250

 collapse of central authority in northern Italy 275-7

 divided under five powers in fifteenth century 383

 and the EEC 621

 Etruria see Etruria;Etruscans

 Exarchate of Ravenna 252,253

 Fascist 601-4,605,611-12

 first Greek settlement in 89-94

 Greeks in southern Italy 123

 Jewish emigration to 598

 Justinian and the recovery of 235

 and Libya 603-4,615;Libyan refugees 629

 Lombards in 237

 Muslim slave-raiders in 246

 Mycenaean trade with 33,34naval power 296,558

 Normans in 283

 people of see Italians

 Prussia and the kingdom of 558

 Rome and the southern Greek cities in 176-7

 threats to Sicily 54

 tourism 636

 Venice and the politics of Renaissance Italy 412-13

 see also specific cities

Ithaka 87

Ithobaal,king of Tyre 65

ivory 374

 brought to Egypt 37

 Cretan 23,24,26

 Indian 158

 Phoenician 69,79,80,110

Izmir 477,588

 see also Smyrna

Jacob the Pisan 332

Jacobins 513,514

Jaffa ⅹⅹⅹⅰ,290-91,292,593-6,600,616,617

James Ⅰ‘the Conqueror’,king of Aragon 334,335,338-41,345,350

James Ⅱ,king of Aragon 345,361

James Ⅱ,king of Majorca 339,348,353

James Ⅲ,king of Majorca 362

James of Lusignan 392

Jamona 223,224,225

 see also Ciutadella

Janus,king of Cyprus 392

Japanese 607,631,638

 destroyers 582

 economy 638

 tuna imports 640

 tourists 638

Jefferson,Thomas 530,532

Jennings,Asa 587-8

Jerba 86,349,352,416,428-9

Jeremiah 57

Jericho 8,58

Jerusalem 59,67,304

 Amalfitans in 269,270

 capture by Saladin 297,310,325

 destruction of 216

 and the First Crusade 270,288,289,290,291-2

 Franks of the kingdom of 311

 Grand Mufti(Amin al-Husayni)604

 Holy Sepulchre 252,287,290,292

 hospice 269

 kingdom of 291,292,297,298,301,311,328,329,332,348-50

 rebuilt as Aelia Capitolina 216

 Temple 67,153,216;vessels 232-3

Jesolo 253

Jesus Christ 213

 Monophysite view of 244

 Muslim view of Isa 244

jewellery

 amber 34

 Egyptian 38

 Etruscan 109

 Phoenician 79

 ‘Treasure of Priam’21,565

Jews

 of Adrianople 482

 in Alexandria 153,161,162,215,218,224,590-91

 Algerian 573-4,622

 of Algiers 531

 and America 535-6

 in Ancona 442-3

 Ashkenazi 592,593,599

 attacks on 405

 ‘Babylonian’259-60

 Bacri family 531,535,540

 banished under Ferdinand Ⅱ 406

 in Barcelona 340

 and the Black Death 404-5

 Catalan 341

 in Dubrovnik 438-9

 early Hebrews 48,58-59,66-7,70

 under the Edicts of Toleration 559

 encounter between Contardo and a rabbi 341

 Epikursin 305

 exiled from Spain 406-8,442-3

 of Florence 464

 in France 598,617

 Genizah Jews of Cairo 258-9,262,263-4,266, 279,295-6,646

 and Genoa 296,406ghettoes 438-9,442,443,458,464,559,599,646

 on Gibraltar 497-8,536

 Hellenization of 598

 impact of exiles on the Mediterranean world 406-7

 and James Ⅰ of Aragon 340-41

 Jewish Berbers 245-6

 Jewish diaspora 215-16,476-83

 Jewish rebellion(115-16)208-9,216

 Jewish relations with Christians and Muslims in Spain 340-41,404-6

 Jewish revolt in Palestine(132-6)216

 Karaite 260

 in Majorca 340,646

 maritime 218-19

 mass conversions of 223-5,405,441

 Mediterranean fifteenth-century 404-8

 merchants 199,248-9,258-9,262-4,266,279,295-6,437,438,443,457,531,646,647

 of Minorca 223-5,500

 Nazism and the Holocaust 599,617

 and Ottomans 407

 in Palestine 215,216;in the twentieth century 592-600,616-17,620

 pilgrims 304

 Ponentine 437,458,464-5

 Portuguese 441,443,477-8

 Radhanites 248

 and the rise of the Italians 296

 Roman treatment of 213,214-17

 in Rome 194,199

 of Salonika 569-72

 in Salonika 598-9

 Sephardic 260,407-8,437,438-9,443,444,458,464,467,470,476-83,486,569-72,599,647

 and the slave trade 248-9

 of Smyrna 584-5

 of Toledo 404

 trade networks of the diaspora 443

 of Trani 342

 of Trieste 559-60

 of Tripoli 538

 of Tunis 531-2

 Tunisian 260

 in Turkey 482

 in Valencia 404,405,408

 and Venice 296,458

 Zionist 592,596

 see also Israel;Judaism

jihad 366,384

Jijelli 417

Joanna Ⅱ,quuen of Naples 382

John Ⅱ Komnenos,Byzantine emperor 293,294

John Ⅱ,king of Aragon 399

John Ⅵ Kantakouzenos,Byzantine emperor 366

Jonah 79

Jordan 619,620

Joseph Ⅰ,Holy Roman Emperor 497

Joseph Ⅱ,Holy Roman Emperor 559

Josephus 74,203,216

Jouktas,Mount 25,28

Juan,Prince of Asturias 410

Judaism

 Almohad sect and 296

 Christianity and the assertiveness of 222-5

 Christianity’s rift with 213-14,217

 cult of the God of Israel brought to Rome 199

 Day of Atonement 598

 and Hellenism 153

 and Islam 244,340-41

 Jewish relations with Christians and Muslims in Spain 340-41,404-6

 Kabbalah 342,407,479,482

 rabbinic 217,218-19

 under Roman rule 214-17

 Sabbath travel 262

 and the synagogue of Ostia 212

Julian(the Apostate)220-21

Julius Ⅱ,Pope 416

Juno 206

Jupiter 206

Justin 125

Justinian Ⅰ,Roman emperor 221,235

Kabbalah 342,407,479,482

Kadesh,battle of 41,42,48

Kahina,Queen 245-6

Kallimachos of Cyrene 160

Kaminia 106

Kane,Richard 499,500

Karamanli,Yussuf 531

Karimis 296

Kastellórizo 384

Katsamba 25

Katzones,captain 510-11

Kemal Atatürk,Mustafa 583,585,586,587

Kenamun tomb 35

Kenchreai 95

Kephalonia 284,352,409,460,611,637

Kerkennah 352

Kerkyra(Corfu)86,87,98,99,141-2,174

Kesselring,Albert 607

Khan al-‘Umdan 310

Khirokitia 8-9

kibbutz movement 592

Kimon 141

Kipling,Rudyard 545

Kition 70,74,91

Kittim see Kition

Kleon 144

Knights Hospitallers 269,364,365,366,386,414,415,416,431,445

Knights of Malta 269,415,422,428,429,432,433,434,435,436,468,517,518,519;and the Russians 512-13;Sovereign Military Order of Malta 269

 Knights of Santo Stefano 452,462

Knights Templars 300

Knossos 9,23-6,28,29,31,38

 Evans and the‘palace of Minos’at 565,566

 palace 24-6

Kolaios of Samos 79,126

Komnene,Anna 283-4

Komnenos dynasty

 Alexios I Komnenos 283,284-5,293

 Andronikos I Komnenos 324

 John Ⅱ Komnenos 293,294

 Manuel Ⅰ Komnenos 294,300,319,322,324,328,329

Komnenos family,post-imperial 329

Korčula 448

 battle of 355

Kosmos 300

Kotor(Cattaro)385,438,521,581,582,613

 Bay of Kotor 390,457,511,521

Kotruljević,Benedetto 390

Kouass 97

Kourion 568

Kroisos(Croesus),king of Lydia 134

Küçük Kaynarca,Treaty of 508

Kurzolaris islands 450

Kyma(Cumae)90,110

 battle of 114-15,116

Kypselos 96

Kythnos 17

La Tène culture 125

Lacco Ameno 92-3

Lachish 35

Ladino language 407,570

Lambert,Frank 529

Lampedusa 250,629

Languages,ancient

 Canaanite 36,65

 Etruscan 104

 Luvian 27,43

 Lydian 104

 Sard 119-20

Languedoc 125,126,332,335,358,404

Laodicea 237

Las Navas de Tolosa 334

Lauria,Roger de 351,352

Lausanne,Treaty of 588

Lawrence,D.H.100,112,638

Lawrence,T.E.592

le Paulin,French ambassador 423

Lear,Tobias 535

Lebanon 35-6,293,617,619,639

Lechaion 95,96,285

Lefkandi 91

Lelantine War 94-5

Lemnos 20,106,107,135,140,143,385

Leo Africanus 381

Leo Ⅳ,Pope 268

Leo Ⅹ,Pope 268,381

Leontini 145

Lepanto 426,451,452

Lepidus 197

Lesbos 83,140,143-4,415,420

Lesseps,Ferdinand,Vicomte de 546,549,550,551,552-3,554

Leukas 174

Levant Company 459-60,477,478

Levant trade ⅹⅹⅸ,35,311,379,397,400,437,440,445,459,469

 England’s 505

 and the French 499

 Levant Fairs 595

 Levantine merchants of Smyrna 585

 and Minorca 502

 spice trade see spice trade

 Turkey Company/Levant Company 459-60,477,478

 Venice and 378,457,458

Levantine Jews 437,458

Levanzo cave paintings 5-6,7

Lewis,Bernard 244

Libya 576,615-16,622,638

 Italy and 603-4,615,629

Libyans 48-50,166-7

 refugees 629

 see also Libya

lighthouse of Alexandria,Pharos island 154-5,305,309

Ligurian coast 249

Ligurians 124,282

lingua franca 486-7

Lipari 7,32,33,34,63,180

 islands 7,12,63,115,178,179

 Neolithic 10,12-13,14

Liria 130

Lisbon 466

Lisle,Peter 531

Lissa 558

Litorius,Count 223

Littorio( Italian ship)607

Livornine 464-5,466

Livorno 462,464-7,531,599

Livy 187,199

Lixus 66

Lleida(Lerida)346

llotjas (loggias)341,399-400,402

Lloyd Austriaco 556

Lloyd George,David,1st Earl 585,586,588

Llull,Ramon 342-4,646-7

Lodi,Peace of 383

Lombardi 282 Lombards 237,253,255

London 347

Longobardia 281

Loria,Alessandro 589,590

Louis Ⅰ,king of Hungary 377

Louis Ⅸ,king of France 348

Louis the Pious,Frankish emperor 248,250

Louis Ⅻ,king of France 409,420

Louis ⅩⅣ,king of France 491-2,493,494,495

Louis ⅩⅥ,king of France 510

Louis ⅩⅦ,heir to French throne 513-14

Lucan 193

Lukka 49

Luli,King 70-71

Luni 237

Lusiads (Camões)396

Lusignans 358,359

Luther,Martin 423

Luvian language 27,43

Luxardo family 601

Lycia 49

Lycians 41

Lydia 97,98,101

 Persian destruction of 134

 people of see Lydians

Lydians 101,102

 language 104

 see also Lydia

Lysandros/Lysander 147

Maccabean revolt 153

Macedonians

 Alexander Ⅲ(the Great)149-52

 IMRO 570-71

 Romans and 164,186,188

Madeira 393,411

Madina Mayurqa(Ciutat de Mallorca)338-9,340

Madison,James 529,536

Maghrib 298,306,344,409-10,417

 US envoy to 535-6

 see also Barbary states

Magon 76

Magona(Maó)223,225

 see also Mahón

Mahdia(al-Mahdiyyah)263,279-80,319-20,322,428

Mahmudié (Austrian Lloyd ship)556-7

Mahmudiyya canal 540

Mahón(Maó)418,498,499,506

 see also Magona

Maida,battle of 524

Maimon,son of William 332

Maimonides,Moses 259,296

Mainake 127

Maiori 268

Mairano,Romano 299-301

Majorca 338-9,340,353,358,364

 attacks on Jews 405

 Black Death 368

 under Byzantine rule 242

 Fascist Italians in 604

 Jews 340,646

 llotja 399-400

 merchants/shipowners 345,348

 and Muslim pirates 414

 Neolithic 14

 shipping 347-8,401-2

 social divisions 399

 tourism 631-2,633,634,637

 trade in the fifteenth century 401-2

 and trade networks 362

 urban population drop(1329-43)367

 see also Balearic islands

Makarios Ⅲ 623-4

al-Makhzumi 297

Málaga 78,124,393

Malamocco 254

Mallia 24,636

Mallone,Ansaldo 302

Malta ⅹxⅹⅰ,202,321,352,622

 British 604,605,607-8,610,622

 Catalan consuls 401

 cotton 323

 and the Hospitaller Order of St John of Jerusalem 269,415

 as an immigrant entry point 629

 importance to Christendom 429

 Knights of 269,415,422,428,429,432,433,434,435,436,468,517,518,519;and the Russians 512-13

 and Napoleon 516-17,520

 Neolithic 10-12,14

 and the Russians 512,518,519,520-21

 sieges:of British Malta(World War Ⅱ)520,608;Ottoman 428-34,447,451

 slave market 435-6

 Sovereign Military Order of 269

 tourism 631

 trade in the sixteenth century 436

 and the Turks 269,428-34

 in World War Ⅱ 607-8,610

Mamertines 178-9

Mamluks 349,355,379,392,397,537

 in Syria 349,414

Mandelli,Giovanni 380

Mantua 117,406

Manuel Ⅰ Komnenos,Byzantine emperor 294,300,319,322,324,328,329

Maó see Magona;Mahón

al-Maqrizi 368

marble 18,19,96,138,205,222,236,238,269,275,279

Marcionites 218,220

Marcus Aurelius,Roman emperor 208

Maria Theresa,Empress 559

Marinids 334,347,363-4

maritime insurance 402,439,457,465

maritime law 402-3

Mark the evangelist 255

Marmara,Sea of 439

Marmont,Auguste de 522

Mamas 221

Marneion temple 221-2

Marranos 442-3,458,463-4,647

Marseilles 77,110,114,126,237,247,250,358,376,622

 bubonic plague 500

 and Charles of Anjou 350

 fall to the Allies 612

 and James Ⅰ of Aragon 338

 merchant privileges 325

 and Richard Ⅰ of England 325

 see also Massalia

Martell,Pere 338

Martial 129

Martin the Younger of Sicily 381

Martínez,Ferran 405

Martorell,Joannot 384

martyrs 214,217-18,223-4

Marzameni wreck 238

Masinissa 188

Massalia 123-5,126

 see also Marseilles

mastic 345,358,366,374

Matarò 401

Mauretania 210

Mauretanians 208,230

Mausoleum of Halikarnassos 386

Maxentius 219

Maximilian,Ferdinand 557,558

Mazara 264,279

Mazower,Mark 569

Mdina 429,432

Medenine 610

Medes 136

Medici family 403,462

 Bank 376

 dukes of Tuscany 452,462,466-7

Medina Sidonia,dukes of 398

Medinet Habu 50

Mediterranean economy see economy

Mediterranean features,physical ⅹⅹⅶ-ⅹⅹⅹ

 boundaries ⅹⅹⅲ-ⅹⅹⅳ

Mediterranean food 628-9

Mediterranean history literature ⅹⅹⅳ-ⅹⅹⅶ

Mediterranean language(lingua franca )486-7

Mediterranean tourism see tourism

Mediterranean travel accounts(1160-85)304-17,462-3

Mediterranean’s names ⅹⅹⅲ

 a‘faithful sea’ⅹⅹⅹⅲ,646-7

Megalé Idea 578

Mehmet Effendi 482

 see also Zevi,Shabbetai

Mehmet Ⅱ,the Conqueror,Ottoman sultan 383,385,386,387,388,390,415

Mehmet Ⅳ,Ottoman sultan 482

Meletius of Minorca 223

Melilla 409,575

Melissa,wife of Periandros 98

Melkites 591

Meloria,battle of 334

Melos 5,7,9-10,14,24,32

Melqart 74,75,78,171,645

Menander 152

Menasce,Félix de,Baron 590-91

Menasce family 591

Menelaos of Sparta 85

Menelaus of Caria 2o6

Mengebet 39,40

Menton 632

mercenaries 36,45,47,48,49,52

Merchant of Prato 373-5

merchants 644-6

 Amalfi 294-5

 of Barcelona 345

 Catalan 344,353,359-60,400

 Genoese 277,278,298-9,301-3,341,344,358,441

 German ⅹⅹⅸ,277,401

 gods posing as 88

 and heroes of the First Mediterranean 29-41

 Italian 164-5,183,264,270,285,291,297-8,324,332,338,349,354,441,459,646;see also under specific cites

 Jewish 199,248-9,258-9,262-4,266,279,295-6,437,438,443,457,531,646,647

 Levantine 585;see also Levant trade

 mercenaries,missionaries and merchants of the Third Mediterranean 334-53

 Muslim 257,258,261-2,266,296,404,453,457,465

north European merchants of grain 454 Phoenician 71,88,101,111,206,644,645

 Pisan 297-8,332

 Puteolan 205

 Roman 191,194,199-200

 Savoyard 401

 and shipowners of Majorca 345,348

 Venetian see Venetians:merchants

 see also trade networks;trade routes

Merneptah,Pharaoh 48-50

Mers el-Kebir 606

Meryry,Libyan king 48,49

Meshuda 533

Meshwesh 48,50

Mesolithic 7

Messana 178,179

Messina ⅹⅹⅹⅰ,282,295,314,462,525

 arsenal 424

 bubonic plague 368

 silk 468

 Straits of 86,115,145,179,281,282,313-14,526

 in World War Ⅱ 611

Metellus Balearicus,Quintus Caecilius 194

Methuen,John 496

Michael Ⅶ Doukas,Byzantine emperor 283

Michael Ⅷ Palaiologos,Byzantine emperor 330,331,350,354,364-5

migrations

 Algerian 622

 Asian migrants to the Mediterranean 629

 and cuisines 628-9

 Etruscan 101-5,108,117

 Greek 83-99,117

 immigrants from beyond the Mediterranean 629-30

 Jewish migrants to Palestine 594-5,617

 Libyan 48-50

 Neolithic 8

 to the New World 573

 from North Africa 622

 out of Sicily and southern Italy 628

 of Palestinians 616-17

migrations-cont .

 of the Sea Peoples 49,55-59

 into southern Greece 54-55

 temporary migrations of mass tourism 631-8

 Miguez,João(Joseph Nasi)444-6

 Milan 383,404,420

 Visconti lords 376,382-3

Milan,Edict of 219

Milano Marittima 633

Milawanda see Miletos

Miletos 25,33,44,45,54,55,96

Military Orders of the Temple and Hospital of St John 326,348

 see also Knights Hospitallers

Miltiades 134

Milvian Bridge,battle of 219

Mine(São Jorge da Mina)411

Minerva 206

Minoan civilization 22-7,28,29-31

 art 36,37

 Evans’view of Minoan Crete 566

 merging with Mycenaean 30-31

 pottery 22,23,24,27

 trade routes 24

Minorca 339,373,418,423,495

 and the British 498-503,514

 and the French 498,501-3

 Jews 223-5

 Neolithic 14

 and the Russians 509-10

 and the Seven Years War 501-3

 see also Balearic islands

Minori 268

Minos,King 22

Mintoff,Dom 622

Misenum 208,210

mistral ⅹⅹⅷ

Modon 419,538

Mogador 72

mommia 297

Monaco 360

Monemvasia 419-20

Mongols 342,355

 and bubonic plague 367-8

Monophysites 220,244

Monopoli 388

monotheism 153,225

Montague,Edward,2nd Earl of

 Manchester 489-90

Monte Carlo 632

Monte d’Accoddi 121

Montecassino,Benedictines of 269,274

Montecatini 632

Montenegro 385,440,521,581,582

Montfort,Simon de 335

Montilla 78

Montpellier 305,325,333,335,338,339,358

Moors

 and Gibraltar 497

 pirates 208

 in Sardinia 233

 and Vandal shipping 232

Morea 488-9,508,537-8

 see also Peloponnese

Moriscos 408,434,447,453,470-76,647

Moroccans 363-4

 Marinids 334,347,363-4

 pottery 280-81

 see also Morocco

Morocco 4,258,263,296,298,355,577,617-18

 and America 532,534

 defeat of Sebastian of Portugal in 453

 and the English 459

 grain 298,392

 people of see Moroccans

 Tangier 396,491-4,577,626

 tourism 633

Moscow 612,638

Moses 58,153

Mostar 439

Mother/Great Goddess 11,12,18,213

Motya 76,81,166,170

Mudros 579

Müezzinzâde Ali 449,450

Muhammad Ali 537,538,539-40,548,565

Mujahid,Muslim warlord 273

mules 440

Murad Ⅱ,Ottoman sultan 385

Murat,Joachim 524,525-6

Murcia 398

Muret 335

Murlo 104

Murrow,Ed 609

Muscovy 504

 trade 459

Muscovy Company 460

Muslims see Islam and the Muslim peoples Mussolini,Benito 574,601,604,605,606,608,610,611,612

Mustafa,Lala 448-9

Mustafa Pasha 432,433-4

Mycenae 29-30,32,46,53,87,565

 high kings of 44

 Treasury of Atreus 563

Mycenaeans 29-35,53,54,71,565

 and the Anatolians 44-7

 pottery 34,35,43,46,51,54,56

 refugees in Cyprus 54

 tombs 32,34-5,54,565

 trade 32,33-4

 see also Mycenae

Mykale 137

Mylai 181

Myra 292

Myriokephalon 329

myrrh 158,165

Mytilene 143-4

Nabataeans

 in Puteoli 206

 trade routes 165,221

Nabis,king of Sparta 195

Nafplion(Nauplion)419-20,538

Nahmanides 341

Naples 179,267,390,420

 Alfonso Ⅴ of Aragon’s capture of 383,401

 Aragonese 401,409

 attack by Francis Ⅰ 419

 banishment of Jews 406

 Bay of 75,89,194,203,205,247

 bubonic plague 368

 Byzantine capture of 235

 Castelnuovo fortress 399

 Ferdinand Ⅱ,king of Aragon in 410

 French and Aragonese claims to the throne 387-8

 kings of 352,354,360,365,382,387,388,390

 pottery imports 236-7

Napoleon Ⅰ 513,514,515-16,517,520,521,523,524,526,

546-7

Napoleon Ⅲ(originally Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte)547-8,549,554

Napoleonic Wars 513,522-3,524-6

Narbonne 358

Nasi,Gracia 441-2,443,444

Nasi,Joseph 444-6

Nasrid dynasty 334,347,393,404

Nasser,Gamal Abdel 600,618-19

Nathan of Gaza 480,482

National Bank of Egypt 589

national identities/nationalism 568-72,583

 Greek nationalism 568-9,623

National Organisation of Cypriot Fighters 623

NATO(North Atlantic Treaty

 Organization)620,621,624

naturist resorts 636

Naukratis 96,157

naval warfare 72

 see also warships/fleets/navies

Navarino,battle of 539

Navarre 335,399

navicularii (guilds of shippers)218,227-8

navies see warships/fleets/navies

Naxians 138,140,444,445-6

Naxos 134,140,444

Nazism/Nazis 599,600,605-10,611,612

Neanderthals 3-4

Negroponte 385

Nelson,Horatio,Viscount 463,515-16,518,519,520

Neo-Platonism 220

Neolithic 8-14

 buildings 10-11

 Revolution 8

 Neptune 644

Nero,Roman emperor 203,204,205,217

Nerva,Marcus Cocceius,Roman emperor 216

Neretva,river 456

Nestor’s cup 92-3

Netherlands 427,463,471

 see also Dutch;Holland

Neve Tzedek 593,595

New Carthage(Cartagena)185,187

New Zealanders,Gallipoli campaign 579

Nicaea,Council of 219

Nicaean creed 219,231

Nice 422,605,610,632

see also Nikaia(Nice)

Nicholas,St 292

Nicosia 446,447,623,625

Nicotera 279

Niebla,count of 398

Niger,river 279

Nikaia(Asia Minor)330,349,366

 see also Nicaea

Nikaia(Nice)126

Nikomedeia 227

Nile Delta 14,35,38,39,51,52,53,158,297,376

Nile,river ⅹⅹⅶ,ⅹⅹⅸ,37,38,549-50

 floods ⅹⅹⅸ,156,158,204

Nile Valley 28

Niqmadu,King 35

Noah,Mordecai 535-6

Nora 77

Nora stele 73

Normandy 612

Normans

 Bohemond Ⅰ of Antioch and the First Crusade 288-90

 and Byzantium 281-4,288-9,319,322,323-4

 collapse of kingdom of Sicily 327-8

 rule in Sicily 279-80,281-4,294,318;and campaigns from Sicily 319-24

North Africa ⅹⅹⅸ,14,66,74,101,174,227-30

 Aghlabid emirs 250

 agriculture 203-4

 Arab conquest 245-6

 Barbary see Barbary states

 Berbers see Berbers

 Carthage see Carthage

 Catalans in 345

 Christian soldiers in Muslim armies 344

 coast ⅹⅹⅶ,ⅹⅹⅷ,14,71,76,171,174

 demotic culture 189

 French emigration to 573-4

 Genoese in 298-9

 grain trade 203

 Islamic Ifriqiya 246

 Italian settlers 574-5

 as Italy’s ‘fourth shore’604

 James Ⅰ of Aragon and the Muslims of 341

 and Naples 236

 Numidians 183,187

 pagan cults in 221

 Pompey’s actions against piracy 196

 pottery 204,236,237

 Roger Ⅱ and 319-20

 Roman province of Africa 203,245-6

 Spanish garrisons 409

 trade with Catalonia 402

 trade with Majorca 402

 Tunisia see Tunisia

 William Ⅱ and 322

 in World War Ⅱ 607,608,609

 see also Maghrib

North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO)620,621,624

North Sea 347,436,439,488,505,520,579

Norwegians 528

Noto 282

Novi Pazar 439

Nubia 245

Numidians 183,187,188

nuns 422,501,595,644

nuraghi 119,121-2

Obadiah 408

obsidian 7,8,9-10,11,13,15,24,32,33,34

Octavian 197,198-9,208

 see also Augustus Caesar

Odessa 511

Odoacer 227,233

Odysseus(Ulysses)85,86,87,380

oil,crude 578

 Axis supplies 609

 exploration 616

 from Iraq 605

 supplies via the Suez Canal 609

oil,olive 20,34,35,56,67,73,76,79,90,285,511

 Corinthian trade in 97

 and the Mediterranean diet 629

 presses 57,125

 Ptolemies and oil industry 159

 scarcity after World War Ⅱ 628

Old Smyrna 55

olive oil see oil,olive

olive trees ⅹⅹⅸ,159,230,234,483

Oliverdar,Mateu 345

Olympia 113

Olympic Games 170,178

Onomastikon of Amenope 55

Ophir 69

Oran 406,409,417,475,495,540-41,606

 ‘massacre’of 622

Order of St John see Knights Hospitallers

Oristano 308

Ostia 175,196,203,205,207-8

 naval battle off 268

 religious buildings 212-13

Ostrogoths 233

Otho,Marcus Salvius,Roman emperor 208

Otranto 386-7,388

Otto Ⅰ,German emperor 275

Otto Ⅱ,German emperor 272

Ottoman Bank 571

Ottomans 366,384-8,392-3

 in the Balkans 440

 and Hayrettin Barbarossa 417-18

 battle for the White Sea 428-35,445-51

 battle of Navarino 539

 and the British 525,538-40,568,578-80,585

 Christian reaction to expansion in sixteenth century 418-23

 conflicts with Greeks in the nineteenth century 538-9

 and Corfu 419,518

 and Crete 448,483-6,565-6,588

 and Cyprus 446-51,567-9

 development of national identities in Ottoman lands 568-72

 and Dubrovnik 388-91

 erosion of the Ottomam Empire 504,521,525,538,555,568-9,573-80;and exit of the Ottomans 578-82,583-92

 expansion in the sixteenth century 414-15,423-4

 and the French 539,546-8;Franco-Turkish alliance 418-19,420-23,475

 and Jews 407

 and Malta 428-34

 Mamluks see Mamluks

 and the Moriscos 434-5,471-6

 and Muhammad Ali 537-40

 Ottoman corsairs see Barbary corsairs and Russians 505-8,510-11,518-19,522

 and Salonika 570-72

 settlement with the Spaniards in the sixteenth century 453

 Sublime Porte 385-6,390,391,417,419,423,435,438,444,452,453,472,477,483,485,518,532,552,568

 Suez Canal and reciprocal East-West cultural relations 545,548-55

 Turkish-Russian war 505-8

 and Venetians 385-6,387,388,392,419-20,423,446-7,483-6,489;Cretan War(1645-1669)484-5

 warships 424-7,447,448,449-50,484,506-7,538,539

 western dress 545

Our Lady of the Conception (Hospitaller galley)416

Ovid 102

P & O(Peninsular and Oriental)557

Pacifico,Don 564

package holidays 634-5

Paestum(Poseidonia),112,177

paganism 220-22

 and Islam 244

 see also fertility cults;goddesses;gods;religion

Palaeolithic era 4-7

Palaiologos family

 Andronikos Ⅱ 354

 Demetrios 384

 Michael Ⅷ 330,331,350,354,364-5

Palermo 266,279,282,295,350,351,353,406,527

 Allied occupation 611

 see also Panormos

Palestine 55,57,325,445

 Arabs in 592,594,595,616-17

 and the British 592,616-17

 and the Crusades 292;see also Crusades

 and James Ⅱ of Aragon 345

 Jews in 215,216;conflicts with Arabs 592,594,595,616-17;influx of immigrants 594-5;Jewish revolt(132-6)216;in the twentieth century 592-600,616-17,620

kibbutz movement 592

and the state of Israel 616-17,618-20

withdrawal of Turkish troops 580

and Zionism 592

see also Canaan;Holy Land;Israel

Palestinian Authority 639

Pallottino,Massimo 104

Palma,Majorca 338,604,621,634

 see also Ciutat de Mallorca

Palma Nova 634

Palmerston,John Henry Temple,3rd Viscount 550,564

Panormos 166

 see also Palermo

Pantaleoni family 269

Pantelleria 10,13,611,629

Paoli,Pasquale 514,515

papacy 247,274,383

 papal fleets 429

 Papal Inquisition see Inquisition

 relationship with Greek Orthodox Church 282-3

 see also specific popes

Papyrella 14

papyrus 156-7,161,247

Paris 554,586

Paros 18

Parthenon marbles 563

Patras 342

Patton,General George 611

Paul,St 202-3,213-14,643

Paul Ⅰ,emperor of Russia 511-12,513,518,519-20

Paul Ⅳ,Pope 442-3

Pavia,battle of 420

pax romana 201,209,210,231

Peace of Lodi 383

Pech Maho 110,124

Pedro of Portugal 339

Peiraieus 639

Pelasgians 83,106

Peleshet 50-51,55

Peloponnese 488-9

 Peloponnesian War 96,133,141-8

 see also Morea

Peloponnesian League 140-41,142,143

Pelops 32

Peninsular Steam Navigation Company 557

Peninsular War 524

pepper 247,270,279,291,296,301,374,560,642

Pepys,Samuel 490,492-3

Pera 354

Pergamon 161,236

 altar 563

Periandros(Periander)96,97-8

Perikles 140

Periplus 127

Perpignan 353,358,399

Persia 378,427,440,484,578,609

 people of see Persians

Persians 234,446,453

 Byzantium and 236

 defeat by Alexander Ⅲ 149

 and the Delian League 139

 invasion of Greece 114,132-7

 invasion of Ionia 123-4

 navy 134,136-7,141

 and the Peloponnesian War 146-7

 Persian empire 135

 and the Phoenicians 134,136-7

 and the Scythians 135

 wheat 158-9

 see also Persia

Perugia 116

Peruzzi Bank 375

Pesaro 443

Petain,Philippe 606

Peter,St 213

Peter Ⅰ‘the Great’,emperor of Russia 504,512

Peter Ⅰ,king of Cyprus 359

Peter Ⅱ,king of Aragon 335

Peter Ⅲ,king of Aragon 339,348,351,353

Peter Ⅳ,the Ceremonious,king of Aragon 362

Petrarch 380

Petronius 206

Phaistos 9,24,25

Pharaohs 36-41,48-50,53,63,66

 and Ptolemies 152

Pharisees 217

Pharos island 150,152

 lighthouse 154-5,305,309

Pharsalus 197

Philadelphia ,USS 534

Philip Ⅱ,king of Macedon 150,174

Philip Ⅱ,king of Spain 427,432-3,447,451,453,471,473

Philip Ⅲ,king of Spain 476

Philip Ⅴ,king of Macedon 186

Philip Ⅴ,king of Spain,Philip de Bourbon/Philip of Anjou 494,495,496,497,498

Philippi,battle of 197

Philistines 55-57,58-59,644

Philo 152,161,162

Phocaea 347

 see also Phokaia

Phoenicians 63-82,90,91-2,104-5,645

 and Alexander the Great 149

 alphabet 80,644

 at Cadiz 66,72,78,126

 Carthaginians see Carthaginians

 Etruscan trade 111

 merchants 71,88,101,111,206,644,645

 and the Persians 134,136-7

 pirates 134

 and the Ptolemies 156

 in Puteoli 206

 script 80,644

 and the Seleucids 156

 shipyards 156

 spread of culture 80-81,128

 trade routes/networks 63,66,67-80,242

 trading system 69-70,80

 warships 72,134,136-7

Phoibos Apollo 138

Phokaia 123-4,347,392

Phokaians 77,106-7,114,123-4,126,134

Picenes 11

7pilgrimage 379-80

 crusaders and 280,292;see also Crusades

 female pilgrims 644

 Jewish pilgrims 304

 mixing of Muslim and Christian pilgrims 312-13

 modern pilgrims 632

 and piracy 446

 sea journeys of pilgrims 308-15,317

Pillars of Hercules 126

Pindar 95,115,160,169

Piombino 383

Pionius 217-18

Pippin,king of Italy 254

pirates/piracy ⅹⅹⅲ,ⅹⅹⅹ,41,49,52,54,65,194-6,247,360,647

 Aegean clearance of pirates by a‘Holy League’365 Arab 249,250-51,278-9

Barbary see Barbary corsairs

based in Crete 163,195

Christian 381,414,429,435,446,449,453

Cilician 165,195

pirates/piracy-cont .

 Croatian 439,440

 from end of the fifteenth century 413-14

 English 461

 Etruscan 63,72,105-6,109

 Genoese 328-9,331

 Greek 72

 Italian 275,328-9

 by the Knights Hospitallers 414,429,435

 in the late sixteenth century 453-4

 Maltese 429,435,484

 Mauretanian 208

 Monegasque 360

 Moorish 208

 Muslim naval power based on 249,250-51,268,278-9,402,414,423-4

 Phoenician 134

 and pilgrim traffic 446

 Polykrates of Samos 134,138,147

 and the Romans 175,194-6,642

 Saracen 272-3

 ship technology 461

 and slavery 414,417,418

 small trading ships and the decline in piracy 201

 Turkish 428

 Tuscan 452

 ‘Tyrsenians’54,71,83,105,106-7,115,195

 of the Uskoks 439

 and the Venetian muda protection 360,642

 Volscian 175

 Pirenne,Henri 247

 Pisa ⅹⅹⅹⅰ,109,271-81,286,290,301,316,326,346,358

 and Amalfi 294-5

 churches and cathedrals 275,279,280-81

 government of 276-7

 people of see Pisans

 tourists in 633

Pisans

 and Acre 310-11

 and Catalans 361

 commercial privileges 293

 commune 276-7and the Crusades 292

 and Genoese 273,274,275,278-9,305,334

 in Majorca 338

 massacre in Constantinople(1182)324,329

 merchants 332;incident in Egypt 297-8

 navy 273,294-5,327

 and Sardinia 273,274-5

 sheep 367

 and shipping 316-17

 see also Pisa

Pithekoussai(Ischia)34,89-90,92-4,95,110,268,422

pithoi 34

Pius Ⅱ,Pope 393

Piyale Pasha 429,432,433-4

Piyamaradu 44

plague 59,399

 bubonic see Black Death/bubonic plague

Plataia,battle of 132,137

Plato 169-70

Plautus,Titus Maccius 193-4,199,439

Pliny the Elder 180,203

Plutarch 133,146,172,195,196

Po,river ⅹⅹⅶ

Po Valley 117,236,255

Poland 599,605

Poliochni,Lemnos 20-21

Polis 87

pollution 637,640

Polo,Marco 355

Polybios 178,179,181,647

Polykrates of Samos 134,138,147

Pomella 290

Pompeii 114,206,562

Pompeius Magnus Pius,Sextus 195,200

Pompey the Great 196-7

Ponentine Jews 437,458,464-5

Ponza 268

Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine 620

population 376

 and the Black Death 366-7,368-9

Porphyry 221,222

Port Said 551,553

ports ⅹⅹⅹ-ⅹⅹⅹⅰ

 see also specific ports

Portugal 79,398,453,465,491,580,637

 exiled Jews from 441,443

 people of see Portuguese

 and Philip Ⅱ 453,473

Portuguese 364,393-6,463-4

 in Ancona 442

 Inquisition 463-4

 Jews 441,443,477-8

 opening of route in 1497 to the East 458

 war fleets 366,393-5

 see also Portugal

Portus,Ostia 207-8

Poseidon 22,73,85,165,644

Poseidonia(Paestum) 112,177

Potideia 143

Potnia,goddess 26

pottery/ceramics

 Aegean 20

 African 204,236,237

 Alexandrian 156

 amphorae 25,67,97,201,202,206,232,236,237;of oil 92;of wine 73,92,157,164,237

 Anatolian 20

 Athenian 55,96,101,105-6

 Bronze Age Greek 26

 bucchero style 93,109

 Carthaginian 96

 Corinthian 87,95,96,101;in Sardinia 122

 Cretan 236

 Cypriot 38

 Egyptian 280

 Etruscan 78,110,112-13;in Massalia 124;in Sardinia 122;Villanovan 109

 Euboian 87,92

 Greek 75,77,108,113,126;Attic 113,126;in Massalia 124,125;in Sardinia 122;see also under specific Greek cultures

Helladic 33,35,43,53

 Iberian 130

 Islamic 280

 Late Bronze Age 33

 Minoan/Cretan 22,23,24,27

 Moroccan 280-81

 Mycenaean 34,35,43,46,51,54,56

 Neolithic 9,12,13

 from Philistine sites 55,56

 Samian 237

 Scornavacche as a centre of ceramics industry 172

 Sub-Mycenaean 54

 and the sugar industry 393

 Syrian 38,91

 of Troy20,43

 Valencian 403

Potyomkin,Grigory 509

Pozzuoli 205

 see also Puteoli

prehistoric society development 15

Preveza,battle of 420

prostitutes 74,464,644

Protestantism

 and confessional identity 488

 and the Inquisition 461

 Messianic ideas 481

 Philip Ⅱ’s wars with Protestants 453

Provence ⅹⅹⅷ,125,126,210,250-51,346

Prussia 520,554,558

Pryor,John ⅹⅹⅶ,ⅹⅹⅷ

Ptolemies 152-64,188

 grain trade 158

 navy 156

 and the olive oil industry 159

 Ptolemaic Alexander 152-4,155-62;Alexandrian Library 159-61

 Ptolemy Ⅰ Soter 152,153,154,159-60

 Ptolemy Ⅱ Philadelphos 153,156,161,549

 Ptolemy Ⅳ Philopater 156

 Ptolemy Ⅷ 200

 Ptolemy ⅩⅢ 197

 Ptolemy ⅩⅤ Caesar 197

 trade control 157

 see also Cleopatra

Ptolemy,Claudius 162

Punic Wars 177-90

 First War 177-8,179-82

 origins of 178-9

 Second War 177,178,183-8

 Third War 177,189

Punt 37

purple traders see Phoenicians

Puteoli 165,203,205-7,210

Pylos 31,32,46,52,144

pyramids 37

Pyrgoi 111,170,175

Pyrrhos of Epeiros 174,176,177

Pytheas 127

Qayrawan 246,263

Quintio 201

rabbis 217,218,219

Radhanites 248

Raeder,Admiral Erich Johann 609

Ragusa see Dubrovnik

Ragusans ⅹⅹⅲ,388-91,437,438,439,442,448,478,526-7,532

 and Genoa 468

 and Ottomans 414

 and the Russians 521-2

 and trade from Alicante 465

 and Uskoks 457

Rahmi Bey 584,585

railways 576,582,585,594

 and tourism 632,633,634

Ramesses Ⅱ,Pharaoh 41,48

Ramesses Ⅲ,Pharaoh 48,50

Ramesses Ⅺ,Pharaoh 39

Ramesses,city of 37

Ramon Berenguer Ⅲ 338

Ramon de Penyafort 341

Ravello 268,295

Ravenna 208,210-11,235,252,253,358,420

Real (Spanish flagship) 450

Red Sea 37,38,58,158

 blockade of Israel 619

 Suez Canal see Suez Canal

 trade 69,296,355;routes 158,248,296,355

Reggio 203,368

 see also Rhegion

Reis,Murad 531

Reis,Pirî 415

relics see religious relics

religion

 Baal worship 70,81-2

 beliefs carried along trade routes 213,332,481,482-3

 Canaanite 57,65-6

 changes of 426-7;mass conversions 223-5,405,441

 Christian see Christianity

 Delian Apollo cult 138

 Demeter cult 171

 and the‘faithful sea’ 646-7

 fertility cults 11,18,154

 in Gibraltar 496,497

 and Hellenistic culture 213

 ideas spread by travel across the Mediterranean 213,256,266-7,332,342,481,482-3

 Isis cult 199,213

 Islamic see Islam

 Jewish see Judaism

 under Julian 220

 in Minorca 500

 and national identities 569-72

 Phoenician 81-2

 and the Romans 209,213-22

 sacrifice see human sacrifice;sacrifices

 tolerance in 426

 in Trieste 559-60

 see also Bible;funerary rites;goddesses;gods;religious buildings;temples

religious buildings

 Anglican churches,Minorca 500

 at Ostia 212-13

 synagogues see synagogues

 temples see temples

religious relics 223,224,255,329,330,345,368,512

René of Anjou,king of Naples 382,383,397

Renfrew,Colin 10,17

Rethymnon 484

Revolutionary War,French 513-20

Rhegion 115,178

 see also Reggio

Rheneia 138

Rhode(Roses) 124,127,352

Rhodes 25,32,53,93,414

 and Alexandria 157,163-4

 Arab sea battle off 245

 besieged by Mamluks 392

 Catalans and 401

 Colossus of 155,163

 earthquake 164

 and the Italians 577

 and the Knights Hospitallers 269,364,386,414,415

 Mycenaean trade with 32,33

 people of see Rhodians

 sieges of 163,414-15

 and trade routes 53,366

 and the Turks 269

 wine 164

Rhodians

 bankers 164

 coinage 164

 grain trade 158

 Sea Law 236

 see also Rhodes

Rhône delta 250

Rhône valley 125

Ricart Guillem 335-6

Riccione 633

rice 340,374,404,465,532,560

Richard Ⅰ,king of England 325

Richelieu,Armand de Vignerot du Plessis 502,503

Richelieu,Armand Jean,Cardinal 475-6

Rijeka(Fiume) 601-2

Rimini 358,632,633

 Ariminum 177

Robert,count of Flanders 290

Robert the Wise,king of Naples 360,365

Roccaforte 360

Rodriguez,Marrano Daniel 440

Roger Ⅰ,count of Sicily 279,281-2,283,294,318

Roger Ⅱ,king of Sicily 318-22

Roma 611

Romania 355

Romano,Ruggiero 465

Romans

 and the Aetolian League 188

 Christian persecution 214,217-18

 Christianity legalized by 213,219-20,227

 civil wars 196-7,198-9

 coins 204,220

 destruction of pagan temples 221-2

 development of‘Romanness’ 191

 disintegration of the Roman Empire 226-38

 and Egypt 197-200,208-9

 and Etruscans 175

 garum sauce 76,206,641

 interference in Aegean trade networks 164

 and Macedonians 164,186,188

 navy/fleets 175,176,177,178,179,180-82,185,186-7,198,208-9,210

 pax romana 201,209,210,231

 and pirates 175,194-6,642

 pre-Punic War battles with Carthaginians 175

 and Ptolemies 188

 Punic Wars see Punic Wars

 and religion 209,213-22

 and Rhodians 164

 Roman Republic 188

 and Seleucids 188

 slavery 191-3

 Tetrarchy 227

 treatment of Jews 213,214-17

 treaty with Vandals 231

 and the Volscians 175

 see also Rome

Rome

 Amalfi and 268-9

 Arab attacks on 250,268

 attack on Syracuse 186-7

 birth of Imperial Rome 199

 Carthaginian treaties with 127,174-5,188

Rome-cont .

 Celtic attack on(390 BC) 118

 citizenship 191,193

 as a cosmopolitan city 193-4,199-200

 distinction between Senate and merchants 191

 Gallic invaders 175

 grain trade 175,195,200-205,207-8,227;and pirates 196

 great fire 217

 Hannibal’s attack on 185

 immigrant population 193-4

 Jews in 194,199

 people of see Romans

 political and commercial relationship with the Mediterranean 174-7,183-4,191-4,196-211

 Punic wars see Punic Wars

 sacking by Alaric the Goth 223,229-30

 salt supplies 109

 Samnite war 176

 and Sicily 175,178-83,186

 and southern Italy before the Punic Wars 176-7

 spoken languages in 193-4

 St Peter’s Basilica 219,268

 and Taras 175-6

 Vandal plundering of 232

 voting rights 191

Romegas 429,435

Rommel,Erwin 608

Romulus Augustulus 227

Roses(Rhode) 124,127,352

Rosetta 548

Rosicrucian enlightenment 481

rostra 175

Rothschild,Jacob de 551

Rothschild bank 556

‘Rough Cilicia’ 195,197

Roussillon 335,339,353,501

Roussillon,count of 338

Royal Navy 514,524-5,564,578,579-80,588,605,606,614,622

Rozafa 385

Rufolo family of Ravello 295

Ruslan 594

Russian Orthodox Church 522

Russians 504-13,514,518-23,568,578

 and the British 504-6,509-10,515,522,523,612

 and Dubrovnik 521-2

 Gallipoli campaign 580

 and Malta 518

 and the Ottomans 505-8,510-11,518-19,522,539

 Turkish-Russian war 505-8

 in World War Ⅰ 578

 in World War Ⅱ 609,612

 see also Soviet Union

Sabbath travel 262

Sacramonte tablets 471

sacrifices 46,184

 child 66,75,76,81-2

 to deified emperors 213

 human see human sacrifice

 Jewish sacrificial cult 216,220

Sadat,Anwar el- 620

Safavids 417,446

Safed 407

saffron 27,297,327,367

Sagrera,Guillem 399-400

Sagromoso,Michele 512

Saguntum 185

Said Pasha 550-51

St Elmo 430,432,433

Saint-Florent 515

St Petersburg 504

St Philip’s fort,Minorca 498,501,502,503

St Sabas,War of 326

Saint-Simon,Claude Henri de Rouvroy,comte de 549

St-Tropez 636

Saladin 296,297,310,325,326

Salado,battle of 364

Salamis 114,136-7

Salerno 301

 Gulf of 247

Salonika 407,569-72,595,598-9

 see also Thessalonika;Thessaloniki

salt 76,109,252,253,285,346,358,389,641

Samaria 69

Samaritans 260

Samnites 176

Samos 95,137,236,237,538

San Gimignano 326-7,367

San Giovanni 428

San Mateu 373

San Roque 626

Sanctus Franciscus 345

Santa Maria della Grazia 461

Santa Trinità di Saccargia,abbey 275

Santo Stefano,Knights of 452,462

Santorini 365

São Jorge da Mina(the Mine) 411

São Tomé 393

Sappho 160

Saracens 247,271,272-3,346

Saragossa 335,336

Sarapis 154,209,212

Sardinia 73,119-23,295,362,376

 Alfonso Ⅳ’s invasion 361

 Arab invasion 250

 under Byzantine rule 235,242,249

 and Catalans 361,381

 Gelimer and 232

 Jews sent to 215

 Mujahid in 273

 Mycenaeans in 34

 Neolithic 14

 nuraghi 119,121-2

 people of see Sardinians/Sards

 Phoenician and Carthaginian settlement 77

 Pisans and Genoese in 273,274-5

 Pompey’s actions against piracy 196

 salt 346

 and the Second Punic War 183-4

 silver 157,361

 tombs 119,120-21

 tourism 637

 and the Vandals 233

 in World War Ⅱ 611

Sardinians/Sards 77,122-3,167

 and Carthaginians 122,167

 and Catalans 361-2

 Etruscan trade 109

 Euboian contact 92

 and the Pisans and Genoese 274-5

 Sard language 119-20,274

 statuettes 123

 see also Sardinia

Sardis 102,236

Sargon Ⅱ 70

Sarkozy,Nicolas 639

Saronic Gulf 95

Saseno 603

Saul,King 59

Savona 316,358

Savoy,duke of 462

Savoy,house of 558

Savoyard merchants 401

Scala 268

Scanderbeg,George Kastriota 384,385,391

scarabs 27,93,108

Schechter,Solomon 259

Schliemann,Heinrich 18-19,21,87,564-5

Sciaky,Leon 569-70

Scipio Aemilianus 189,200

Scipio,Gnaeus 185

Scipio,Publius Cornelius 187

scirocco ⅹⅹⅷ

Scoglio del Tonno 35,87

Scornavacche 172

scurvy 463

Scutari(Shkodër) 385

Scythians 135,158

sea level 6

Sea Peoples 42,49-54,55-59,66,644

sea warfare

 art of 424

 fleets see warships/fleets/navies

Sebastian of Portugal 453

Seeley,Sir John 139,494

Segesta 145,166,167

Segorbe,bishop of 473-4

Seleucids 153,156,163,188

Selim Ⅰ,Ottoman sultan 418

Selim Ⅱ‘the Sot’,Ottoman sultan 444,445

Selinous/Selinuntines 145,166,167

Seljuk Turks 289

Selwyn Lloyd,John Selwyn Brooke Lloyd,Baron 619

Sempronius 209

Seneca 102,382

Senj 454-5,456-7

Sephardic Jews 407-8,438-9,443,444,464,467,470,476-83,4S6,569-72,599,647

 Levantine 437,458

 Ponentine 437,458,464-5

Septuagint 161-2

Serapis see Sarapis

Serbia 329

Sestii 201

Seven Years War 501-3

Severus of Minorca 223,224,225

Severus,Publius Attius 206

Seville 405,410,412

Shalmanasar Ⅲ,Assyrian king 69

Shardana 48,49,50,51,55

Shekelesh 49,50-51,52

shekels 70

shipbuilding

 in Barcelona 441

 Corinth as centre of 95

 Dutch 463

 Venetian 378-9

shipping

 accounts of crossing the Mediterranean(1160-85) 304-17,462-3

 Adriatic 117

 Allied 610

 American 529-30

 from Barcelona 400-401

 boom in maritime traffic(168 BC-2nd century ad) 201

 British 498,505,524

 Bronze Age ships 18

 of Byzantine period 237-8

 Catalan 344-8,359-60,400

 close season 202

 Corinthian 136

 cruises 637

 between Egypt and Syria 38

 embargo imposed by William Ⅰ 314

 English 396

 Etruscan 114,115

 Florentine 404,437

 French 397

 Genoese 315,316-17,347-8,360,378,404

 grain ships 202-3,205;see also grain trade

 ironclads 555-6,557-8

 in the Islamic world 264,265-6,281

 Levant trade ⅹⅹⅸ;see also Levant trade

 Majorcan 347-8,401-2

 Minoan 25

 and Muslim pirates/navies 249,251

 navicularii (guilds of shippers) 218,227-8

 Neolithic boats 13-14

 onboard conditions and food 462

 Phoenician 71-3

 and piracy see pirates/piracy

 Pithekoussai and 93

 Ragusan 390

 Red Sea trade 69,296

 Rhodian 163-4

 and the security of the seas 210,440;see also pirates/piracy

 Sicily and 264-5

 steamshipping 555-8,573

 storms and 182,403;see also storms

 through the Suez Canal 553,605

 and Trieste 558-9,560-61

 Turkish 386,422,456-7,484,510,511

 types of vessel 315-16

 Vandal 232

 Venetian 255,360,378,379,440,460

 winds and ⅹⅹⅷ,71,312,313-14

 in World War Ⅱ 607,610

shores ⅹⅹⅷ

Sicilian Straits/Channel13,182,233,279,352,429

Sicilian Vespers 350,361

Sicily 119,302-3,353,361,424

 under Aragonese kings 351,352,381

 attacks on Jews 405

 and the British 525-6,607

 Byzantine invasion and rule 235,242,265

 Carthaginian invasion 137,166-74

 Catalans in 381

 collapse of Norman kingdom of 327-8

 decline of Greek contact 54

 deforestation xxx

 destruction in thirteenth century bc 63

 under Frederick Ⅱ 349

 and the Genizah trade network 264-5

 and the Genoese 322-3,328

 grain 144,172-3,179,186,263,279,319,322-3,346,356,392,436,468,527-8

 Islamic 264-5

 and the Knights Hospitallers 415

 Latinization of 282

 Mamertines in 178

 Mesolithic 7

 mixed population in the eleventh century 282

 Muslim invasion 250,264,268

 and Muslim pirates 414

 Mycenaean trade with 33

 navy/fleets 319-20,321-2,323-4,349,429

 Neolithic 12-13

 under Norman rule 279-80,281-4,294,318;Sicilian campaigns 319-24

 Palaeolithic 5-7

 and the Peloponnesian War 144-6

 Phoenician settlement 76-7

 Pompey’s actions against piracy 196

 Richard Ⅰ on 325

 Rome and 175,178-83,186

 salt 346

 Sicilian Vespers 350,361

 silk 264

 Spain and ⅹⅹⅹⅰ

 sugar mills 393

 Syracuse see Syracusans;Syracuse

 threats from Italian mainland 54

 tyrants of 98-9,130,168-71,173

 and the Vandals 233

 under viceroys in the fifteenth century 381

 in World War Ⅱ 607,611

Side 195

Sidi Barrani 607

Sidon 68,69

Sidonians see Phoenicians

Sierra 408

Sikans 167

Sikels 167

silk 200,255,263-4,355,437,440,465,468,474

silver

 Alexandrian 156

 American 441

 Balkan 98

 Byzantine 242

 coinage 97

 Egyptian 39,40

 and the Knights of Malta 436

 Libyan 48

 mines 192

 Mycenaean 32

 New World 468

 Phoenician 69,70,90

 and the Ragusans 389

 Sardinian 157,361

 Spanish 78-9,157,192

 Tartessian 79

 Trojan 21

Sinai 38,486,549,553,619,620

Six Day War 620

Skanderbeg see Scanderbeg

Skopje 391

slavery/slaves

 and the Atlantic 411

 of the Black Sea 349,355,373-4,644

 Catalan trade in 346-7

 Celtic 117

 Christians and 249

 Cilician pirate slave auctions 195

 Corinthian 95

 Datini and the slave trade 373-4

 Delian 165,205

 Eaton on 531

 female slaves 422,644

 and freedmen 192-3,199,206

 galley slaves 425-7,435

 Genoese 355

 in the Islamic world 246-7,248

 Italic 117

 Jewish merchants and 248-9

 Jewish slaves 216

 from Kerkyra 98

 Knights Hospitallers and 445

 in Malta 435-6

 Muslim slaves 308,346-7

slavery/slaves-cont .

 of nuns of Antibes 422,644

 and piracy 414,417,418

 Roman 191-3;carried off by Vandals 232

 Sards 274

 Slav Saqaliba 248

 in Toulon 422

 in the Tyrrhenian Sea 109

Slavs 234,236,241-2,390,521,522

 in Dalmatia 254

 Macedonian 570-71

 slaves 248

 warfare with Germanic peoples 248

Slovenia 456,640

Smendes 39

Smyrna 101,218,365,440,476-81,500,569

 after the Great War 583,584-5,586-7

 Levantine merchants of 585

 Old 55,599

 World War Ⅱ and the fall of 599

Sokollu,Mehmet 446-7,448,449

solar energy 640

Solomon,king of Israel 66-7,69

Solomon ben Ammar 340

Solomon of Salerno 301-3,316

soothsayers 113,220

Sophokles 160

Sorrentine peninsula 268,295

Sorrento 423

Sostratos 111

Sovereign Military Order of Malta 269

Soviet Union 607,613,615,616,620

 disintegration of 638

 and Egypt 618,619

 and Israel 620

 and the US 620-21

 see also Russians

Spain

 Almohad sect 296

 Armada 438

 Carthaginian trade and settlement 126,127-8

 Catalonia see Catalonia

 deforestation of Spanish coast xxx

 disintegration into local kingdoms in thirteenth century 334

 in the early twentieth century 575

 extinction of Muslim rule in 408

 Falangists 604

 under Franco 604,605,621

 Genoese alliance with 412,468

 and Gibraltar 625-7

 Hamilcar Barca in 184-5

 hellenization 126-30

 Iberians see Iberians

 Islamic(al-Andalus) 250,258,261,263,264,306,308,476,630

 Jews:exiled from Spain 406-8,442-3;relations with Christians and Muslims 340-41,404-6

 and the Moriscos 408,434-5,447,470-76

 naval power 424

 pagan cults in 221

 people of see Spaniards

 silk 264

 silver 78-9,157,192;American 441

 southern:Byzantium and 235;silver 78-9,192;and trade networks,eighth century BC 63;see also Tartessos

 Spanish influence on Sardinia 119

 Spanish lands and the second Punic War 184-5,187

 struggle against the Ottomans ⅹⅹⅹⅰ,419

 tin 123

 tourism 634,636

 trade with Morocco 263

 and the UN 626

 Vandal and Alan invasion of 230

 Visigothic invasion of 223,233,246

 war fleets 424,427,429

 War of the Spanish Succession 495

 see also specific cities and regions

Spaniards 264,382

 after siege of Malta 434

 alliances with English 488

 and Barbary corsairs 417

 conflicts with English 489-90

 at Jerba 428-9

 and Mahdia 428

 in Muslim fleets 249

 in the Netherlands 427

 and Ottomans 416,419,421

 in Rome 193

 settlement with the Ottomans in the sixteenth century 453

 see also Spain

Spanish Succession,War of 495

Sparta 138

 Corinthian wars 96

 and the Peloponnesian League 141

 people of see Spartans

Spartans 83,90

 Archidamian War 143

 hoplites(soldiers) 138,144

 navy 144,147

 Peloponnesian War 133,141-8

 and the Persians 133,136-7

 sea power 136

 see also Sparta

spas 632

spice trade 158,165,296,297,345,355,378,397,400,437

 and England 459

 see also pepper

Spina 113,117-18,126

Split 439,440

Spurinna family 115-16

Stadion,Johann Philipp 525

Stalin,Joseph 612,613,616,620

Standard Oil Company of New Jersey 585

Stanhope,James 498-9

steamships 555-8,573

Stentinello 12-13

Stephen,St 223-4

Sterghiades,Aristides 586

Stone Age

 Middle(Mesolithic) 7

 New(Neolithic) 8-14

 Old and Middle(Palaeolithic) 4-7

storms ⅹⅹⅷ,182,202,283-4,308,312,313,393,394,403

Strabo 78,155,159,195

Strasbourg (French ship) 606

Sturmy,Robert 396

Su Nuraxi 121-2

Suevi 223,229

Suez Canal ⅹⅹⅷ,541,618

 blocking of 620

 and Nasser 618,619

 nationalization 600

 and oil supplies 609

 and reciprocal East-West cultural relations 545,548-55

 shipping through 553,605

Suez Canal Company 550,552,554

sugar 323,373,374,377,392,404,411,465,585

 production 393

 Valencia 393,474

Sulcis 77,81

Süleyman the Magnificent,Ottoman sultan 414-15,418,419,421,423,429,433,442-3,444

Sulpicii 206

Sultana (Turkish ship) 429,450

Sunnis/Sunni Islam 298,310,334

suntan 635-6

Sweden 520

Swedes 504,528,534

swimwear 635-6

Sybaris 116

Sybota 142

synagogues 153,212,217,221,222,224,258-60,405,465,478-81,569,590

syncretism 113

Syracusans 114,115,137,145,166

 and Carthaginians 168-73

 see also Syracuse

Syracuse 98-9,114,115-16,145,168,170-72,173,203,525

 Athenian attacks on 115,146

 Catalan consuls 401

 and the Genoese 328

 people of see Syracusans

 Rome’s attack on 186-7

 tyrants of 98-9,130,168-71,173,178,179,182-3

Syria 8,619,638

 and Egypt 35-6,38,39-41

 Euboian ties 91

 Islam in 244

Syria-cont .

 Jewish rebellion in 208-9,216

 Mamluks in 349,414

 and the Mediterranean Union 639

 Mycenaean trade with 32,33,35-6

 Ottomans in 414

 trade with Alexandria 157

Syrians,siege of Rhodes 163

Tacitus 102

Talamone 422

Talmud 219,260,341

Tamerlane(Timur) 365,384

Tamin,emir 279

Tana 355

Tangier 396,491-4,577,626

Tanis 39

Taranto 581-2,607,611

 Gulf of 175-6

 see also Taras

Taras 87,90,175-6,179

 see also Taranto

Tarentines 176

Tarhun 104

Tarquin,king of Rome 98

Tarquinia(Tarquinii) 93,94,98,104,107-10

 tombs 111-12

Tarragona 128,304,338

Tarshish 66,68,79-80

 see also Tartessos

Tartars 355

Tartessos 66,78-9,81,90,127

 see also Tarshish

Taruisa 45,52

Tarxien 11

Taula de Canvi (bank) 400

Tawfik Pasha,Muhammad 555

taxation 157,164,294,297

 in Alexandria 309,310

 Busca and 399

 dhimmis 244,310

 and the Genoese treaty with Sicily 322

 gesia 282

 on grain 186

 on Indians 411-12

 on Jews 216,282

 jizyah 244

 on Muslims 282,309

 one-fifth tax(khums ) 297

 under Selim Ⅱ 445

 and the US 530

 Venetian privilege 285,293,294

tea 560

 Boston Tea Party 530

Tel Aviv 592-3,594-6,598,600,632-3

Tell Aytun 56

Tell el-Amarna 37

Templars 593

temples

 Canaanite 57

 Greek mythological decoration on 113

 Jerusalem Temple 67,153,216,232-3

 of Melqart 75,78

 Neolithic 10-11

 pagan temples reopened under Julian 220

 Phoenician 70,73,75,78

 Puteoli temple 206

 Roman destruction of pagan temples 221-2

 to Sarapis 154,212-13

Tenedos 376,377

Tenenti,Alberto 462

Terence 199

Terra Amata 3

Tetuan 416,575

Teucrians 52

textile trade 401

thalassocracies

 550 BC-400 BC 132-48

 Etruscan 116

 Roger Ⅱ,king of Sicily 318-22

Thapsos 34-5

Tharros 77

Thebes 35,342

Thefarie Velianas,king of Caere 111

Thera 26,27-8

Thermi 20

Thermopylai 136

Thessalonika 324,330,384-5

 see also Salonika;Thessaloniki

Thessaloniki 572,600

 see also Salonika;Thessalonika

Thessaly 53,143

Thirty Years’War 484

Thomson Holidays 633,634

Thourioi(Thurii) 176

Thrace 135,140,578

Thucydides 22,94-5,106,138,140,141,142-3,144,145

Thutmose Ⅳ,Pharaoh 38

Tiber,river ⅹⅹⅶ,109,205

Tiberius,Roman emperor 102,207,210,215,444-5

Tibnin 310

Tiepolo family(Venice) 299,331

Tilsit 523

timber 21,67,90,180,197,301,373,401,436,532,642

 Egypt and 37,39,40,263,297,537,643

Timbuktu 279

Timoleon 171-3

Timur(Tamerlane) 365,384

tin 17,19,33,34,37,68,123,124,125,127,156,465,567

Tingitania 230,231

Tirant lo Blanc (Martorell) 384

Tiryns 32,46

Tito,Josip Broz 613,614,615

Titus 216

Tjaru(Tell Hebua) 38

Tjekker 39,50-51,52,55,65

Tlemcen 417,475

tobacco 477,576

Tobermory wreck 438

Toledo 340

 Cathedral 364

 Jews 404

Tolfa 393

tombs

 Egyptian 26,35,37,39

 Etruscan 100,101,104,108,111-12,114,117,563

 hypogea 10-11

 Iberian 129,130

 Maltese 10

 Mycenaean 32,34-5,54,565

 Phoenician 77

 Sardinian 119,120-21

 at Spina 117

tools

 copper and bronze 19

 Mesolithic 7

 Neolithic 8,9,10

 Upper Palaeolithic 5,6

tophets 75,81-2

Torcello 253

Torchitorio,Mariano 275

Tortosa 405

Toscanos 78

Tossa 401

Toulon 422,495,501,502,513-14,523,524,612

tourism 380-81

 gay 636

 Grand Tours 562,564,632

 mass tourism 631-8

 Mediterranean travel accounts(1160-85) 304-17,462-3

Toussoun,Omar 591

Toya 129

trade networks 33-4,63,73,91,242,296,302,367,401,485

 Aegean 29,35,55,164

 Alexandria and the Hellenistic network 156-7

 Byzantine 236-8

 Catalan 344-8,401,410

 of a Catalan-Aragonese‘empire’ 362

 and commercialization 367

 of Crete 485

 of the Crown of Aragon 400-401

 of the diaspora Jews 443

 to the East 262

 Euboian 92,93-4

 focused on maritime trade of Genoa,Pisa and Venice 277

 fragmentation of:into Christian and Muslim sectors 296:in the midthirteenth century 348-9

 French 397

 Genizah network 262-4

 Genoese 271,354

 Hellenistic 157,165

 Islamic 246-7,267

 Levantine 35

 Phoenician 63,67-80,242

trade networks-cont .

 Pisan 271-2

 Roman interference in Aegean networks 164

 under Roman rule 201-4

 and specialization 367

trade routes

 up the Adriatic 126,385

 Aegean 17,22,44

 alphabet carried along 110,644

 Athenian 116-17,141

 belief systems and ideas carried along 213,266-7,332,481,482-3

 Black Death’s spread along 368

 to the Black Sea 227,355,508,557

 Byzantion and 227

 Byzantium to Egypt 296

 Corinth and 95,98-9

 Coron,Modon and 419

 Cyprus to Armenia 359

 through the Dardanelles 376

 Dodecanese islands and 577

 from Dyrrhachion to Constantinople 269

 to the East,opened 1497 by the Portuguese 458

 between Egypt and the Tyrrhenian Sea 93-4

 Epidamnos and 141

 to Etruria 95,101,110

 Euboian 92,93-4

 Gaza and 221

 Iberians and 131

 to the Indian Ocean 155,157,262,355,549-50,561,573

 to Islamic lands 300,465

 Italian 271,288,318,404,458;Etruscan 95,101,110

 from Livorno 465

 Minoan 24

 Nabataean 165,221

 New World 410

 to North Africa 465

 to northern Europe 125

 Ottoman 414

 up the Persian Gulf 263

 Persians and 134

 Phoenician 66,73

 Radhanite 248

 down the Red Sea 158,248,296,355

 reopened after Sicilian Vespers 361

 Rhodes and 53,366

 trans-Asiatic 355

 Troy and 45

 Venetian control of Byzantium routes 330

 Venetian nobility’s domination of 360,365

trade shipping see shipping

Trafalgar,battle of 524

Trajan 208-9,216,382

Trani 342,388

Trapani 76,353,401

travel industry see tourism

‘Treasure of Priam’ 21,565

Treasury of Atreus 563

Trebinje 390,439

Trebizond 329,378

Treviso 377

Trieste 524,558-61,571,600,601

Tripoli 319,409,415,428,528

 American conflict with 529,534-5

 American treaty with 529,536

 bashaw of 534

 Italian rebuilding of 576

 massacre by the Greeks 538

 Mussolini in 604

Tripolitania 571

Trogus,Pompeius 125

Trojans

 identity of 42-3

 and the Sea Peoples 52

 Trojan War 19,45,87,93

 see also Troy

Troubridge,Thomas 515

Troy 17,18-22,25,32,43-4,53

 fall of 42,47,52,84-5

 Hisarlik as Homer’s 19,20,42,45

 legends of 564

 Mycenaean trade with 32

 people of see Trojans

 and trade routes 45

 Troy Ⅰ 19-20

 Troy Ⅱ 20-21

 Troy Ⅲ 21

 Troy Ⅳ 21-2

 Troy V 22

 Troy Ⅵ 27,42,45-6,47

 Troy Ⅶa 43,47,52

Truman,Harry S.616

tuna-fishing 10,19,76,640,641

Tunis 170,246,263,346,531-2

 and America 535-6

 and the Barbary corsairs 416,418,421

 bey of 528,531

 Black Death 368

 Catalans in 345,346

 and Charles Ⅴ 418

 fall to the Allies 610

 grain 356

 Hafsid rulers 334,416

 Llull in 343-4

Tunisia 13,263,334,617-18

 and the Bedouins 279

 Capsian culture 7

 Carthage see Carthage

 economy 576

 and the French 574,576,621

 and the Italians 576

 Mahdia 263,279-80,319-20,322,428

 Moriscos 476

 under Roman rule 203

 tuna fishermen 641

 Tunis see Tunis

 in World War Ⅱ 610

Turgut 428,430

Turkey 445,459,482,499-500

 and the EU 638-9

 and Israel 638

 and the Mediterranean Union 639

 nationalism 583

 and NATO 620

 people of see Turks

 and the Turkish Republic of North Cyprus 625

 war with Italy 576

Turkey Company 459-60

Turkish Republic of North Cyprus 625

Turkish-Russian war 505-8

Turks 287,289,329,364-5,366

 and Alfonso Ⅴ of Aragon 383-4

 Anatolian 625

 Austrian trade with 539

 Greco-Turkish wars 538,586-8

 and the Hospitallers 386

 and Malta 269,428-34

 Ottoman see Ottomans

 pirates 428

 and Rhodes 269

 and Russians 505-8,510-11,518-19,522

 in Smyrna 585,586-7

 Turkish Cypriots 568-9,623,624-5

 Turkish shipping 386,422,456-7,484,510,511

 in World War Ⅰ 577-8

 Young Turks 583

 see also Turkey

Turmeda,Anselmo(‘Abdallah at-Tarjuman) 380-81

Tursha 49,52

Tuscany 34,81,92,104,356-7

 dukes of 452,462,466-7

 Etruscans see Etruscans

 famines 367

 grain 466

 Livorno trade 464-7

 Medici duke’s holy warriors 452

 tourism 633

 Tuscan pirates 452

 wool imports 373

Tutankhamun,Pharaoh 37

Tutugi 129,130

Tyre 66-7,68-9,70,79-80,149,325

 peoples of see Tyrians

 Venetians in 293

Tyrians 66-7,70,75,77,81,82,194,206

 Carthaginians see Carthaginians

 Phoenicians see Phoenicians

 and Rome 194

 see also Tyre

Tyris(Valencia) 128

Tyrrhenia see Etruria

Tyrrhenian Sea 89-90,92,103,109,114-15,116,125,196,272-3,295

Tyrrhenians

 Etruscans see Etruscans

 pirates 195;see also ‘Tyrsenians’see also Etruria

‘Tyrsenians’(pirates) 54,71,83,105,106-7,115,195

 see also pirates/piracy

Tyrsenoi 52,101-2,106

 Etruscans see Etruscans

Tyrsenos 101

Ugarit 35-6,46 ,52,58,65,80

 ships 72

Ukraine 355

Ulcinj 448

Ullastret 128

Uluburun wreck 33

Ulysses(Odysseus) 85,86,380

Umur Pasha 365

UNHCR 629

Uni(Etruscan goddess) 111

Union for the Mediterranean 639,640

United Arab Republic 619

United Kingdom see Britain/the British

United Nations(UN) 600,624,626

United Provinces 463

United States of America

 American tourists 638

 Barbary Wars 529-36

 Boston Tea Party 530

 and the British 529-30,535,536

 and Israel 616,620

 and Jews 535-6,598

 and Libya 615-16

 Mediterranean trade 529-30

 migrations to 573

 neutrality in Greco-Turkish war 587-8

 shipping 529-30

 and Smyrna 585,586

 and the Soviet Union 613,620-21

 War of Independence 529

 World War Ⅱ 609,612

Urban Ⅱ 287

Ushakov,Fyodor Fyodorovich 518-19,520

Uskoks 439,449,454-7

Utica 66,76

Utrecht,Treaty of 497,498

Valencia 128,339-40,358,364,402-4

 ceramics 403

 Consulate of the Sea 402-3

 decline of city of 474

 Inquisition 475

 Jews 404,405,408

 llotja 399,400,402

 Moriscos and the kingdom of 473,474,475

 sugar 393,474

Valentinian Ⅲ,Roman emperor 232

Valéry,Paul ⅹⅹⅵ

Valette,Jean de 428,432

Valletta 429,516,520,607

Valona(Vlorë) 385

Van den Broecke,Bernard 467

Vandals 223,230-33

 collapse of the Vandal kingdom 235

Veii 94,109,113,175,207

Velia 179

Velleius Paterculus,Marcus 66

Venetian Gulf 358

 see also Adriatic Sea

Venetians 250,254-6

 in Acre 325-6

 and the Adriatic 385

 and Albania 385

 and Apulia 388

 and Catalans 376

 in Constantinople 458

 and Crete 331,377,483-5

 and the Crusades 292-4

 and Cyprus 446-7,451,458

 and Dutch 460,461

 and Egypt 354

 and English 459,460-61

 and the Fourth Crusade 329,330

 and Genoese 325-6,331,355,366,376-8

 grain trade 285,358

 and Greek corsairs 510-11

 Inquisition 458

 and Mamluks 392

 and Manuel Ⅰ Komnenos 294,300,319

 merchants 299-301;and the Byzantine economy 285,294;Golden Bull and privilege to trade free of tax 285,293,294,319

 muda protection system from pirates 360,642

 navy 322,376,448,450,461

 nobility’s domination of trade routes 360,365

 and Normans 284

 and Ottomans 385-6,387,388,392,419-20,423,446-7,483-6,489;Cretan War(1645-1669) 484-5

 and the Peloponnese 488-9

 Serrata (closing to the noble ranks) 361

 shipbuilding 378-9

 shipping 255,360,378,379,440,460

 and Thessalonika 384-5

 trans-Asia trade 355

 and Trieste 559,560

 in Tyre 293

 and the Uskoks 455,456-7

 Venetian carnival 637

 see also Venice

Venice 237,246,301,316,330,383

 and Alexandria 255-6,292

 Arsenal 378-9,445-6

 Austrian control of 519,557,558

 Beatrice de Luna in 442

 Black Death 369

 and Byzantium 278,319

 Catalan consuls 401

 and Constantinople 256,330

 and Dalmatia 389

 emergence of 254-5

 garum sauce and the early prosperity of 641

 and Germans 277

 and the Habsburgs 456

 and the Jews 296,458

 and Joseph Nasi 445-6

 Milizia da Mar 425

 Napoleon and 518,519

 people of see Venetians

 political and economic reshaping in fifteenth and sixteenth centuries 457-9

 and the politics of Renaissance Italy 412-13

 and Ragusans 389

 San Giorgio dei Greci church 458

 Serenissima Repubblica 387,413,460,489

 St Mark’s Basilica 255-6,285,330,636

 and the Turks 386,387,388,419-20,423,446-7

 and the Uskoks 455,456-7

 War of Chioggia 376-8

 wool industry 458

Venizelos,Eleftherios 571-2,578,585,586,588,598

Vespasian 208,216

Vespers,War of the 350,361

Vetulonia 109,123

Via Egnatia 235,252,283,350

Viareggio 633

Vichy France 606-7,610

Victor Ⅲ,Pope 280

Victor Emmanuel Ⅲ,king of Italy 611

Victoria,British queen 554,632

Victoria College,Alexandria 591

Villanovan culture 108-10,113

Villefranche 462

Vincendon,Claude 591

vines/vineyards ⅹⅹⅸ,125,164,234,267-8,295,335,483,528,629

Virgil(Publius Vergilius Maro) 74-5,102,189-90,199

Visconti,Filippo Maria,duke of Milan 382-3

Visconti lords of Milan 376,382-3

Visigoths 223,233,246

Vitellius,Aulus,Roman emperor 208

Vittoriosa(Birgu) 430,432,435

Vivara 34,89

Vix 124

Volscians 175

Voltaire 505

della Voltas of Genoa 299,315

Vukčić,Stjepan 390-91

wages 376

Waghorn,Thomas 550

Walsingham,Sir Francis 459

Ward,John 461,462

Warrior Vase 51,57

Warrior’s Tomb 108

warships/fleets/navies

 Algerian 423

 American 529,536

 Angevin 351-2

 Arab 249,250

 Austrian 539,558,578,580-82

 Barbary 427;see also Barbary corsairs

 bertoni 461,462

 British 514,524-5,564,578,579-80,588,605,606,614,622

 Byzantine 233,235,249,251,324

 Caeretan 114

 Carthaginian 114,167,173,178,180,181,186-7

 Castilian 364

 Catalan 347,352,359,362-3,366,434

 of Charles Ⅴ 350,351-2

 conditions on 425-7

 diets on 427,463

 Dutch 463

 Egyptian 51,156,163,293

 English 488

 Etruscan 114,115

 French 423,514,523,581,606

 Genoese 273,275

 German 578;U-boats 582,609

 Greek 538,588

 Holy Leagues of western navies 365,419-20,449,450-51

 Italian 558,582,609,611

 Japanese 582

 light galleys 281,315-16,449-50

 Moroccan 364

 Muslim 249,250-51,268,278-9,364,402,414,423-4

 Neapolitan 363

 Ottoman 424-7,447,448,449-50,452,484,506-7,538,539

 papal 429

 Persian 134

 Phoenician 72,134,136-7

 Phokaian 114

 Pisan 272,273,275

 Portuguese 366,393-5

 Ragusan 438

 Rhodian 163

 Roman 175,176,177,178,179,180-82,185,186-7,198,208-9,210

 Russian 504-7,512,520,523

 Sicilian 319-20,321-2,323-4,429

 Spanish 424,427,429,489;Armada 438

 spiked ramming ships 72,181

 Syrian 156

 Venetian 322,376,448,450,461,557

Washington,George 529

water

 carried by ships xxx

 irrigation see irrigation

 and tourism 637

 transport 201;see also shipping Tyre and 68

 Valencian water tribunal 408

Waterhouse,J.W.563

wax 68,114,349,355,440,465,485,532

weapons

 bronze 12,17,20,32,109

 copper 20

 iron 248

 spiked rams 72,181

weather systems ⅹⅹⅷ

 see also storms;winds

weights 70

Weizmann,Chaim 591

Wenamun 39-41,55,70

Weshesh 50-51

West Bank 619,638

Wheelus Field air bases 616,621

Whitaker,Joseph 528

White Sea(Turkish name for Mediterranean) 386

 battle for 428-35,445-51

Whittall family 585,586

Wilhem Ⅱ,Kaiser 577

William Ⅰ,king of Sicily,‘the Bad’ 305,322

William Ⅱ,king of Sicily,‘the Good’ 314,323-4

William of Modica 321-2

William of Orange 495

Wilusa 44-5

Winckelmann,Johann Joachim 562,563

winds ⅹⅹⅳ-ⅹⅹⅴ,ⅹⅹⅵ,ⅹⅹⅶ,71,312,313-14

wine 20,35,56,73,76,78,90,237,367,511

 Alexandria and 157,159

 amphorae 73,92,157,164,237

 Corinthian trade in 97,285

 Etruscan 109

 expanding interest in Mediterranean wines 629

 Greek and Etruscan production technology 125

 Iberia and 129

 Malmsey 485

 Marsala 528

 Massalia and 124

 Joseph Nasi and 444

 poisoned 457

 Rhodian 164

Wisdom of Solomon 162

women 643-4

 display of the female body 635

 harems 248,644

 nuns 422,501,595,644

 prostitutes 74,464,644

wood see timber

Woodhouse,John 528

wool 272,295,347,373,511,642

 Castilian 404

 Catalan cloth 401

 Crete 24

 English 326,347

 Flemish cloth 277,295,323

 Italian cloth 323

 Ragusans and 389-90,439,465

 Spanish 444

 Troy 21

 Venetian wool industry 458

Woolley,Sir Leonard 91

World War Ⅰ 577-82

 Arab revolt 592

World War Ⅱ 599,605-12

Wren,Sir Christopher 493

writing

 Cretan 25,27,30-31

 disappearance after twelfth century BC 63

 early Greek 47,64

 Iberian 129

 Mycenaean 30-31

 Phoenician 80,644

 see also alphabet

xaloc ⅹⅹⅷ

Xenophon 167

Xerxes,king of Persia 135,137

Yom Kippur War 620

Young Turks 583

Ypres 347

Yugoslavia 611,613-14,615

 disintegration of 638

 tourism 636,638

Yusuf Bashaw 535

Zaccaria,Benedetto 358

Zadar 448,613

 see also Zara

Zakynthos 233

Zama,battle of 187

Zante 460

Zara 329,601

 see also Zadar

Zekerbaal 39-41

Zeus 221

 Zeus Ammon 150

Zevi,Shabbetai 479-80,481-2

Ziani,Pietro 301

Ziani,Sebastian 300

Ziani family 299

Zionism 592,596

Zog Ⅰ(Ahmet Zogu),king of Albania 602-3

Zogheb family 591