参考文献

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［2］ Personal interviews with Neil Blumenthal and Dave Gilboa, June 25, 2014, and March 23 and 24, 2015; David Zax,“Fast Talk：How Warby Parker’s Cofounders Disrupted the Eyewear Industry and Stayed Friends,”Fast Company, February 22, 2012, www.fastcompany.com/1818215/fast-talk-how-warby-parkers-cofounders-disrupted-eyewear-industry-and-stayed-friends;“A Chat with the Founders of Warby Parker,”The Standard Culture, September 5, 2012, www.standardculture.com/posts/6884-A-Chat-with-the-Founders-of-Warby-Parker; Blumenthal,“Don’t Underinvest in Branding,”Wall Street Journal, Accelerators, July 18, 2013, http：//blogs.wsj.com/accelerators/2013/07/18/neil-blumenthal-branding-is-a-point-of-view; Curan Mehra and Anya Schultz,“Interview：Dave Gilboa, Founder and CEO of Warby Parker,”Daily Californian, September 5, 2014, www.dailycal.org/2014/09/05/interview-dave-gilboa-founder-ceo-warby-parker/;“The World’s 50 Most Innovative Companies,”Fast Company, February 9, 2015, www.fastcompany.com/section/most-innovative-companies-2015.

［3］ “Kleptomnesia”coined by Dan Gilbert; see C. Neil Macrae, Galen V. Bodenhausen, and Guglielmo Calvini,“Contexts of Cryptomnesia：May the Source Be with You,”Social Cognition 17（1999）：273-97.

［4］ John T. Jost, Brett W. Pelham, Oliver Sheldon, and Bilian Ni Sullivan, “Social Inequality and the Reduction of Ideological Dissonance on Behalf of the System：Evidence of Enhanced System Justification Among the Disadvantaged,”European Journal of Social Psychology 33（2003）：13-36; John T. Jost, Vagelis Chaikalis-Petritsis, Dominic Abrams, Jim Sidanius, Jojanneke van der Toorn, and Christopher Bratt, “Why Men（and Women）Do and Don’t Rebel：Effects of System Justification on Willingness to Protest,”Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 38（2012）：197-208; Cheryl J. Wakslak, John T. Jost, Tom R. Tyler, and Emmeline S. Chen, “Moral Outrage Mediates the Dampening Effect of System Justification on Support for Redistributive Social Policies,”Psychological Science 18（2007）：267-74; John T. Jost, Mahzarin R. Banaji, and Brian A. Nosek, “A Decade of System Justification Theory：Accumulated Evidence of Conscious and Unconscious Bolstering of the Status Quo,”Political Psychology 25（2004）：881-919.

［5］ Karl E. Weick, “The Collapse of Sensemaking in Organizations：The Mann Gulch Disaster,”Administrative Science Quarterly 38（1993）：628-52; see also Robert I. Sutton, Weird Ideas That Work：11?Practices for Promoting, Managing, and Sustaining Innovation（New York：Simon & Schuster, 2001）.

［6］ Jean H. Baker, Sisters：The Lives of America’s Suffragists（New York：Hill and Wang, 2006）.

［7］ Ellen Winner, “Child Prodigies and Adult Genius：A Weak Link,”in The Wiley Handbook of Genius, ed. Dean Keith Simonton（Hoboken, NJ：Wiley-Blackwell, 2014）.

［8］ Jack Rakove, Revolutionaries：A New History of the Invention of America（New York：Houghton Mifflin, 2010）; Ron Chernow, Washington：A Life（New York：Penguin, 2011）.

［9］ Livingston, Founders at Work, 42, 45.

［10］ Joseph A. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism & Democracy（New York：Harper Perennial Modern Classics, 1942/2008）.

［11］ Personal interview with Mellody Hobson, May 12, 2015, and Hobson USC commencement speech, May 19, 2015, http：//time .com/3889937/mellody-hobson-graduation-speech-usc/.

［12］ Richard Cantillon, An Essay on Economic Theory（Auburn, AL：Ludwig von Mises Institute, 1755/2010）; see also James Surowiecki, “Epic Fails of the Startup World,”New Yorker, May 19, 2014, www.newyorker.com /magazine/2014/05/19/epic-fails-of-the-startup-world.

［13］ Bill Katovsky and Peter Larson, Tread Lightly：Form, Footwear, and the Quest for Injury-Free Running（New York：Skyhorse Publishing, 2012）; David C. Thomas, Readings and Cases in International Management：A Cross-Cultural Perspective（Thousand Oaks, CA：Sage Publications, 2003）.

［14］ Jessica Livingston, Founders at Work：Stories of Startups’ Early Days（Berkeley, CA：Apress, 2007）.

［15］ “With Her MLK Drama Selma, Ava DuVernay Is Directing History,”Slate, December 5, 2014, www.slate.com/blogs/browbeat/2014/12/05 /ava_duvernay_profile_the_selma_director_on_her_mlk_drama_and_being_a_black.html.

［16］ Tiffany McGee, “5 Reasons Why John Legend Is No Ordinary Pop Star,”People, November 6, 2006, www.people.com/people /archive/article/0,20060910,00.html; “Singer/Songwriter John Legend Got Early Start,”USA Today, July 28, 2005, http：//usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/music/news/2005-07-28-legend-early-start_x.htm; John Legend, “All in on Love,”Huffington Post, May 20, 2014, www.huffingtonpost.com/john-legend/penn-commencement-speech2014_b_5358334.html.

［17］ Clyde H. Coombs and Lily Huang, “Tests of a Portfolio Theory of Risk Preference,”Journal of Experimental Psychology 85（1970）：23-29; Clyde H. Coombs and James Bowen, “Additivity of Risk in Portfolios,”Perception & Psychophysics 10（1971）：43-46, and “Test of the Between Property of Expected Utility,”Journal of Mathematical Psychology 13（323-37）.

［18］ Jane Bianchi, “The Power of Zigging：Why Everyone Needs to Channel Their Inner Entrepreneur,”LearnVest, October 22, 2014, http：//www.learnvest.com/2014/10/crazy-is-a-compliment-the-power-of-zigging-when-everyone-else-zags/; Marco della Cava, “Linda Rottenberg’s Tips for’Crazy’ Entrepreneurs,”USA Today, October 15, 2014, www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2014/10/02/linda-rottenberg-crazy-is-a-compliment-book/16551377;“Myths About Entrepreneurship,”Harvard Business Review, Idea Cast, October 2010, https：//hbr.org/2014/10/myths-about-entrepreneurship; Linda Rottenberg, Crazy Is a Compliment：The Power of Zigging When Everyone Else Zags（New York：Portfolio, 2014）.

［19］ Rick Smith, The Leap：How 3 Simple Changes Can Propel Your Career from Good to Great（New York：Penguin, 2009）.

［20］ Hongwei Xu and Martin Ruef, “The Myth of the Risk-Tolerant Entrepreneur,”Strategic Organization 2（2004）：331-55.

［21］ Malcolm Gladwell, “The Sure Thing,”New Yorker, January 18, 2010, www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/01/18/the-sure-thing.

［22］ Scott Adams, The Dilbert Principle（New York：HarperBusiness, 1996）.

［23］ PandoMonthly, “John Doerr on What Went Wrong with Segway,”accessed on February 12, 2015, at www.youtube.com/watch? v=oOQzjpBkUTY.

［24］ Arnold C. Cooper, Carolyn Y. Woo, and William C. Dunkelberg, “Entrepreneurs’ Perceived Chances for Success,”Journal of Business Venturing 3（1988）：97-108;Noam Wasserman, “How an Entrepreneur’s Passion Can Destroy a Startup,”Wall Street Journal, August 25, 2014, www.wsj.com/articles/how-an-entrepreneur-s-passion-can-destroy-a-startup-1408912044.

［25］ Dean Keith Simonton, “Creative Productivity, Age, and Stress：A Biographical Time-Series Analysis of 10 Classical Composers,”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 35（1977）：791-804.

［26］ Dean Keith Simonton, “Creativity and Discovery as Blind Variation：Campbell’s（1960）BVSR Model After the Half-Century Mark,”Review of General Psychology 15（2011）：158-74.

［27］ Robert I. Sutton, Weird Ideas That Work：11?Practices for Promoting, Managing, and Sustaining Innovation（New York：Simon & Schuster, 2001）.

［28］ Jennifer S. Mueller, Shimul Melwani, and Jack A. Goncalo, “The Bias Against Creativity：Why People Desire But Reject Creative Ideas,”Psychological Science 23（2012）：13-17.

［29］ Erik Dane, “Reconsidering the Trade-Off Between Expertise and Flexibility：A Cognitive Entrenchment Perspective,”Academy of Management Review 35（2010）：579-603.

［30］ Drake Baer, “In 1982, Steve Jobs Presented an Amazingly Accurate Theory About Where Creativity Comes From,”Business Insider, February 20, 2015, www.businessinsider.com/steve-jobs-theory-of-creativity-2015-2.

［31］ Dean Keith Simonton, “Foresight, Insight, Oversight, and Hindsight in Scientific Discovery：How Sighted Were Galileo’s Telescopic Sightings?,”Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts 6（2012）：243-54.

［32］ Erik Dane, Kevin W. Rockmann, and Michael G. Pratt, “When Should I Trust My Gut? Linking Domain Expertise to Intuitive Decision-Making Effectiveness,”Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 119（2012）：187-94.

［33］ Eric Schmidt and Jonathan Rosenberg, How Google Works（New York：Grand Central, 2014）.

［34］ The Ultimate Quotable Einstein, ed. Alice Calaprice（Princeton, NJ：Princeton University Press, 2011）.

［35］ Scott E. Seibert, Maria L. Kraimer, and J. Michael Crant, “What Do Proactive People Do? A Longitudinal Model Linking Proactive Personality and Career Success,”Personnel Psychology 54（2001）：845-74.

［36］ Edwin P. Hollander, “Conformity, Status, and Idiosyncrasy Credit,”Psychological Review 65（1958）：117-27; see also Hannah Riley Bowles and Michele Gelfand, “Status and the Evaluation of Workplace Deviance,”Psychological Science 21（2010）：49-54.

［37］ Personal interviews with Rufus Griscom, January 29 and February 26, 2015.

［38］ Robert B. Zajonc, “Attitudinal Effects of Mere Exposure,”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Monographs 9（1968）：1-27.

［39］ Personal interview with Howard Tullman, December 16, 2014.

［40］ Robert Sutton, “Porcupines with Hearts of Gold,”Business Week, July 14, 2008, www.businessweek.com/business at work/bad bosses/archives/2008/07/porcupines with.html.

［41］ George C. Homans, The Human Group（New York：Harcourt, Brace, 1950）and Social Behavior：Its Elementary Forms（New York：Harcourt, Brace, and World, 1961）.

［42］ Michelle M. Duguid and Jack A. Goncalo, “Squeezed in the Middle：The Middle Status Trade Creativity for Focus,”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 109, no. 4（2015）, 589-603.

［43］ Sheryl Sandberg, Lean In：Women, Work, and the Will to Lead（New York：Knopf, 2013）.

［44］ Taeya M. Howell, David A. Harrison, Ethan R. Burris, and James R. Detert, “Who Gets Credit for Input? Demographic and Structural Status Cues in Voice Recognition,”Journal of Applied Psychology, forthcoming（2015）.

［45］ Ashleigh Shelby Rosette, “Failure Is Not an Option for Black Women：Effects of Organizational Performance on Leaders with Single Versus Dual-Subordinate Identities,”Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 48（2012）：1162-67.

［46］ Personal interview with Donna Dubinsky, June 20, 2014; Todd D. Jick and Mary Gentile, “Donna Dubinsky andApple Computer, Inc.（A）,”Harvard Business School, Case 9-86-083,December 11, 1995.

［47］ Albert O. Hirschman, Exit, Voice, and Loyalty：Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States（Cambridge, MA：Harvard University Press, 1970）.

［48］ Quote Investigator, January 17, 2013, http：//quoteinvestigator.com/2013/01/17/put-off.

［49］ Jihae Shin, “Putting Work Off Pays Off：The Hidden Benefits of Procrastination for Creativity,”manuscript under review, 2015.

［50］ Ut Na Sio and Thomas C. Ormerod, “Does Incubation Enhance Problem Solving? A Meta-Analytic Review,”Psychological Bulletin 135（2009）：94-120.

［51］ Bluma Zeigarnik, “Das Behalten erledigter und unerledigter Handlungen,”Psychologische Forschung 9（1927）：185; see Kenneth Savitsky, Victoria Husted Medvec, and Thomas Gilovich, “Remembering and Regretting：The Zeigarnik Effect and the Cognitive Availability of Regrettable Actions and Inactions,”Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 23（1997）：248-57.

［52］ M. J. Simpson, Hitchhiker：A Biography of Douglas Adams（Boston：Justin, Charles & Co., 2005）.

［53］ Bill Gross, “The Single Biggest Reason Why Startups Succeed,”TED Talks, June 2015, www.ted.com/talks/bill gross the single biggest reason why startups succeed/transcript.

［54］ Boonsri Dickinson, “Infographic：Most Startups Fail Because of Premature Scaling,”ZDNet, September 1,2011,www.zdnet.com/article/infographic-most-startups-fail-because of premature-scaling.

［55］ Max Planck, Scientific Autobiography and Other Papers（New York：Philosophical Library, 1949）.

［56］ Birgit Verworn, “Does Age Have an Impact on Having Ideas? An Analysis of the Quantity and Quality of Ideas Submitted to a Suggestion System,”Creativity and Innovation Management 18（2009）：326-34.

［57］ David Galenson, Old Masters and Young Geniuses：The Two Life Cycles of Artistic Creativity（Princeton, NJ：Princeton University Press, 2011）.

［58］ Abraham H. Maslow, The Psychology of Science（New York：Harper and Row, 1966）.

［59］ Daniel H. Pink, “What Kind of Genius Are You?”Wired, July 2006, http：//archive.wired.com/wired/archive/14.07/genius.html.

［60］ Dr. Seuss, The Sneetches and Other Stories（New York：Random House, 1961）.

［61］ Personal interview with Meredith Perry, November 13, 2014; Google Zeitgeist, September 16, 2014; Jack Hitt, “An Inventor Wants One Less Wire to Worry About,”New York Times, August 17, 2013, www.nytimes.com/2013/08/18/technology/an-inventor-wants-one-less-wire-to-worry-about. html?pagewanted=all; Julie Bort, “A Startup That Raised $10 Million for Charging Gadgets Through Sound Has Sparked a Giant Debate in Silicon Valley,”Business Insider, November 2, 2014, www.businessinsider.com/startup-ubeams10-million-debate-2014-11.

［62］ Personal interviews with Josh Steinman, December 10, 2014, and Scott Stearney, December 29, 2014.

［63］ Srdja Popovic, Blueprint for Revolution：How to Use Rice Pudding, Lego Men, and Other Nonviolent Techniques to Galvanize Communities, Overthrow Dictators, or Simply Change the World（New York：Spiegel & Grau, 2015）.

［64］ Ithai Stern and James D. Westphal, “Stealthy Footsteps to the Boardroom：Executives’ Backgrounds, Sophisticated Interpersonal Influence Behavior, and Board Appointments,”Administrative Science Quarterly 55（2010）：278-319.

［65］ Personal interviews with Rob Mink off, October 17 and November 13, 2014.

［66］ Holly J. McCammon, Lyndi Hewitt, and Sandy Smith, “‘No Weapon Save Argument’：Strategic Frame Amplification in the U.S. Woman Suffrage Movements,”The Sociological Quarterly 45（2004）：529-56; Holly J. McCammon, “‘Out of the Parlors and Into the Streets’：The Changing Tactical Repertoire of the U.S. Women’s Suffrage Movements,”Social Forces 81（2003）：787-818; Lyndi Hewitt and Holly J. McCammon, “Explaining Suffrage Mobilization：Balance, Neutralization, and Range in Collective Action Frames, 1892-1919,”Mobilization：An International Journal 9（2004）：149-66.

［67］ Harry Allen Overstreet and Bonaro Wilkinson Overstreet, The Mind Goes Forth：The Drama of Understanding（New York：Norton, 1956）.

［68］ Ano Katsunori, “Modified Offensive Earned-Run Average with Steal Effect for Baseball,”Applied Mathematics and Computation 120（2001）：279-88; Josh Goldman, “Breaking Down Stolen Base Break-Even Points,”Fan Graphs, November 3, 2011, www.fangraphs.com/blogs/breaking-down-stolen-base-break-even-points/.

［69］ Baseball Almanac, “Single Season Leaders for Stolen Bases,”www.baseball-almanac.com/hitting/hisb2.shtml, and “Career Leaders for Stolen Bases,”www.baseball-almanac.com/hitting/hisb1.shtml.

［70］ Jackie Robinson, I Never Had It Made（New York：HarperCollins, 1972/1995）; Arnold Rampersad, Jackie Robinson：A Biography（New York：Ballantime Books, 1997）; Roger Kahn, Rickey & Robinson：The True,Untold Story of the Integration of Baseball（New York：Rodale Books, 2014）; Harvey Frommer, Rickey and Robinson：The Men Who Broke Baseball’s Color Barrier（New York：Taylor Trade Publishing, 1982/2003）.

［71］ David Falkner, Great Time Coming：The Life of Jackie Robinson, from Baseball to Birmingham（New York：Simon & Schuster, 1995）.

［72］ Rod Carew, Carew（New York：Simon & Schuster,1979）; Martin Miller, “Rod Carew Becomes Champion for the Abused,”Los Angeles Times, December 12, 1994, http：//articles.latimes.com/19941212/local/me80681 rod-carew.

［73］ James March, A Primer on Decision-Making：How Decisions Happen（New York：Free Press, 1994）; see also J. Mark Weber, Shirli Kopelman, and David M. Messick, “A Conceptual Review of Decision Making in Social Dilemmas：Applying a Logic of Appropriateness,”Personality and Social Psychology Review 8（2004）：281-307.

［74］ Marco Bertoni and Giorgio Brunello, “Laterborns Don’t Give Up：The Effects of Birth Order on Earnings in Europe,”IZA Discussion Paper No. 7679, October 26, 2013, http：//papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm? abstract_ id=2345596.

［75］ Gil Greengross and Geoffrey F. Miller, “The Big Five Personality Traits of Professional Comedians Compared to Amateur Comedians, Comedy Writers, and College Students,”Personality and Individual Differences 47（2009）：79-83;Gil Greengross, Rod A. Martin, and Geoffrey Miller, “Personality Traits, Intelligence, Humor Styles, and Humor Production Ability of Professional Standp Comedians Compared to College Students,”Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts 6（2012）：74-82.

［76］ Seinfeld, “The Calzone,”NBC, April 25, 1996.

［77］ Adam M. Grant, “Funny Babies：Great Comedians Are Born Last in Big Families,”working paper（2015）.

［78］ Andre Agassi, Open：An Autobiography（New York：Knopf, 2009）. For evidence that the children treated with the greatest hostility by parents are the most likely to rebel, see Katherine Jewsbury Conger and Rand D. Conger, “Differential Parenting and Change in Sibling Differences in Delinquency,”Journal of Family Psychology 8（1994）：287-302.

［79］ Jim Gaffigan, “The Youngest Child,”Comedy Central Presents, July 11, 2000, www.cc.com/video-clips/g92efr/comedy-central-presents-the-youngest-child; see also Ben Kharakh, “Jim Gaffigan, Comedian and Actor,”Gothamist, July 17, 2006, http：//gothamist.com/2006/07/17/jim gaffigan co.php#.

［80］ Martin L. Hoffman, Empathy and Moral Development：Implications for Caring and Justice（New York：Cambridge University Press, 2000）.163 “Explained is the word”：Samuel P. Oliner and Pearl Oliner, The Altruistic Personality：Rescuers of Jews in Nazi Europe（New York：Touchstone, 1992）; Samuel P. Oliner, “Ordinary Heroes,”Yes！ Magazine, November 5, 2001, www.yesmagazine .org/issues/can-love-save-the-world/ordinary-heroes; see also Eva Fogelman, Conscience and Courage：Rescuers of Jews During the Holocaust（New York：Doubleday, 2011）.

［81］ Teresa M. Amabile, Growing Up Creative：Nurturing a Lifetime of Creativity（Buffalo, NY：Creative Education Foundation, 1989）.

［82］ John Skow, “Erma in Bomburbia：Erma Bombeck,”Time, July 2, 1984.

［83］ Adam M. Grant and David A. Hofmann, “It’s Not All About Me：Motivating Hand Hygiene Among Health Care Professionals by Focusing on Patients,”Psychological Science 22（2011）：1494-99.

［84］ Joan E. Grusec and Erica Redler, “Attribution, Reinforcement, and Altruism：A Developmental Analysis,”Developmental Psychology 16（1980）：525-34.

［85］ Penelope Lockwood and Ziva Kunda, “Increasing the Salience of One’s Best Selves Can Undermine Inspiration by Outstanding Role Models,”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 76（1999）：214-28; see also Albert Bandura, Self-Efficacy：The Exercise of Control（New York：Freeman, 1997）.

［86］ Rufus Burrow Jr., Extremist for Love：Martin Luther King Jr., Man of Ideas and Nonviolent Social Action（Minneapolis, MN：Fortress Press, 2014）.

［87］ Mark Strauss, “Ten Inventions Inspired by Science Fiction,”Smithsonian magazine, March 15, 2012, www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/ten-inventions-inspired-by-science-fiction128080674/?no-ist.

［88］ Ralph Waldo Emerson, Society and Solitude：Twelve Chapters（New York：Houghton, Mifflin, 1893）.

［89］ Charles A. O’Reilly and Jennifer A. Chatman,“Culture as Social Control：Corporations, Cults, and Commitment,”Research in Organizational Behavior 18（1996）：157-200.

［90］ Irving Janis, Groupthink：Psychological Studies of Policy Decisions and Fiascoes（Boston：Houghton Mifflin, 1973）; Cass R. Sunstein, Why Societies Need Dissent（Boston：Harvard University Press, 2003）.

［91］ Marshall Goldsmith, What Got You Here Won’t Get You There：How Successful People Become Even More Successful（New York：Hachette, 2007）.

［92］ Charlan J. Nemeth, “Differential Contributions of Majority and Minority Influence,”Psychological Review 93（1986）：23-32; Stefan Schulz-Hardt, Felix C. Brodbeck, Andreas Mojzisch, Rudolf Kerschreiter, and Dieter Frey, “Group Decision Making in Hidden Profile Situations：Dissent as a Facilitator for Decision Quality,”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 91（2006）：1080-93.190As Jack Handey advised：Jack Handey, Saturday Night Live, 1991.

［93］ Lauren A. Rivera, “Guess Who Doesn’t Fit In at Work,”The New York Times, May 30, 2015,：http：//www.nytimes .com/2015/05/31/opinion/sunday/guess-who-doesnt-fit-in-at-work. html.

［94］ Personal communication with Duane Bray, January 30, 2014.

［95］ Paul Saffo, “Strong Opinions, Weakly Held,”July 26, 2008, www.skmurphy.com/blog/2010/08/16/paul-saffo-forecasting-s-trong-opinions-weakly-held/.

［96］ Jian Liang, Crystal I. C. Farh, and Jiing-Lih Farh, “Psychological Antecedents of Promotive and Prohibitive Voice：A Two-Wave Examination,”Academy of Management Journal 55（2012）：71-92.

［97］ David A. Hofmann, “Overcoming the Obstacles to Cross-Functional Decision Making：Laying the Groundwork for Collaborative Problem Solving,”Organizational Dynamics（2015）; personal conversations with David Hofmann and Jeff Edwards, March 2008.

［98］ Laszlo Bock, Work Rules！ Insights from Google That Will Transform How You Live and Lead（New York：Twelve, 2015）.

［99］ Andreas Mojzisch and Stefan Schulz-Hardt, “Knowing Others’ Preferences Degrades the Quality of Group Decisions,”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 98（2010）：794-808.

［100］ Quoted in Robert I. Sutton, “It’s Up to You to Start a Good Fight,”Harvard Business Review, August 3, 2010.

［101］ Zannie G. Voss, Daniel M. Cable, and Glenn B. Voss, “Organizational Identity and Firm Performance：What Happens When Leaders Disagree About’Who We Are?,’”Organization Science 17（2006）：741-55.

［102］ Trish Reay, Whitney Berta, and Melanie Kazman Kohn, “What’s the Evidence on Evidence-Based Management?,”Academy of Management Perspectives（November 2009）：5-18.

［103］ Nelson Mandela, Long Walk to Freedom：The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela（New York：Little, Brown, 1995）.

［104］ Personal interview with Lewis Pugh, June 10, 2014, and personal communication, February 15, 2015; Lewis Pugh, Achieving the Impossible（London：Simon & Schuster, 2010）and 21 Yaks and a Speedo：How to Achieve Your Impossible（Johannesburg and Cape Town, South Africa：Jonathan Ball Publishers, 2013）; “Swimming Toward Success”speech at the World Economic Forum, Davos, Switzerland, January 23, 2014.

［105］ Steven Kelman, Ronald Sanders, Gayatri Pandit, and Sarah Taylor, “‘I Won’t Back Down?’ Complexity and Courage in Federal Decision-Making,”Harvard Kennedy School of Government RWP13-044（2013）.

［106］ Scott Sonenshein, Katherine A. DeCelles, and Jane E. Dutton, “It’s Not Easy Being Green：The Role of Self-Evaluations in Explaining Support of Environmental Issues,”Academy of Management Journal 57（2014）：7-37.

［107］ A. Timur Sevincer, Greta Wagner, Johanna Kalvelage, and Gabriele Oettingen, “Positive Thinking About the Future in Newspaper Reports and Presidential Addresses Predicts Economic Downturn,”Psychological Science 25（2014）：1010-17.

［108］ Alison Wood Brooks, “Get Excited：Reappraising Pre-Performance Anxiety as Excitement,”Journal of Experimental Psychology：General 143（2014）：1144-58.

［109］ Charles S. Carver and Teri L. White, “Behavioral Inhibition, Behavioral Activation, and Affective Responses to Impending Reward and Punishment：The BIS/BAS Scales,”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 67（1994）：319-33.

［110］ Olga Khazan, “The Upside of Pessimism,”Atlantic, September 12, 2014, www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2014/09/dont-think-positively/379993.

［111］ Personal interviews with Josh Silverman, October 24, November 12, and December 2, 2014.221 outsourcing inspiration：Adam M. Grant and David A. Hofmann, “Outsourcing Inspiration：The Performance Effects of Ideological Messages from Leaders and Beneficiaries,”Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 116（2011）：173-87.

［112］ Adam M. Grant, “Leading with Meaning：Beneficiary Contact, Prosocial Impact, and the Performance Effects of Transformational Leadership,”Academy of Management Journal 55（2012）：458-76.

［113］ Derek Sivers, “How to Start a Movement,”TED Talks, April 2010, www.ted.com/talks/derek sivers how to start a movement/transcript ?language=en.

［114］ Margaret Mead, The World Ahead：An Anthropologist Anticipates the Future, ed. Robert B. Textor（New York：Berghahn Books, 2005）.

［115］ Robert I. Sutton, “Breaking the Cycle of Abuse in Medicine,”March 13, 2007, accessed on February 24, 2015, at bobsutton.typepad.com/my weblog/2007/03/breaking the_ cy.html.

［116］ Personal interview with Brian Goshen, September 22, 2014.

［117］ Lynne M. Andersson and Thomas S. Bateman, “Individual Environmental Initiative：Championing Natural Environmental Issues in U.S. Business Organizations,”Academy of Management Journal 43（2000）：548-70.232 sense of urgency：John Kotter, Leading Change（Boston：Harvard Business School Press, 1996）.

［118］ Lisa Bodell, Kill the Company：End the Status Quo, Start an Innovation Revolution（New York：Bibliomotion, 2012）.

［119］ Nancy Duarte, “The Secret Structure of Great Talks,”TEDxEast, November 2011, www.ted.com/talks/nancy duarte the secret structure of great_ talks.

［120］ Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s first inaugural address, March 4, 1933.

［121］ Martin Luther King, Jr.’s, “I have a dream”speech, August 28, 1963; Clarence B. Jones, Behind the Dream：The Making of the Speech That Transformed a Nation（New York：Palgrave Macmillan, 2011）; Drew Hansen, The Dream：Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Speech That Inspired a Nation（New York：Harper Perennial, 2005）.

［122］ Tom Peters, December 30, 2013, www.facebook.com/permalink.php? story_ fbid=10151762619577396& id=10666812395.

［123］ Arlie Hochschild, The Managed Heart：Commercialization of Human Feeling（California：University of California Press, 1983）.

［124］ Constantin Stanislavski, An Actor Prepares（New York：Bloomsbury Academic, 1936/2013）; Chris Sullivan, “How Daniel Day-Lewis’ Notoriously Rigorous Role Preparation Has Yielded Another Oscar Contender,”The Independent, February 1, 2008.

［125］ Timothy D. Wilson, Redirect：The Surprising New Science of Psychological Change（New York：Little, Brown, 2011）; Jonathan I. Bisson, Peter L. Jenkins, Julie Alexander, and Carol Bannister, “Randomised Controlled Trial of Psychological Debriefing for Victims of Acute Burn Trauma,”British Journal of Psychiatry 171（1997）：78-81; Benedict Carey, “Sept. 11 Revealed Psychology’s Limits, Review Finds,”New York Times, July 28, 2011; James W.Pennebaker,Opening Up：The Healing Power of Expressing Emotions（New York：Guilford Press, 1997）.

［126］ Andrew Brodsky, Joshua D. Margolis, and Joel Brockner, “Speaking Truth to Power：A Full Cycle Approach,”working paper（2015）.

［127］ Israel Shenker, “E. B. White：Notes and Comment by Author,”New York Times, July 11, 1969：www.nytimes.com/books/97/08/03/lifetimes/white-notes. html.

［128］ Brian R. Little, Me, Myself, and Us：The Science of Personality and the Art of Well-Being（New York：PublicAffairs, 2014）; Brian R. Little, “Personal Projects and Social Ecology：Lives, Liberties and the Happiness of Pursuit,”Colloquium presentation, department of psychology, University of Michigan（1992）; Brian R. Little, “Personality Science and the Northern Tilt：AsPositive as Possible Under the Circumstances,”in Designing Positive Psychology：Taking Stock and Moving Forward, eds. K. M. Sheldon, T. B. Kashdan, and M. F. Steger（New York：Oxford University Press, 228-47）.

［129］ Personal interviews with Benjamin Kohlmann, November 19 and December 10, 2014.

［130］ Lisa Bodell, Kill the Company：End the Status Quo, Start an Innovation Revolution（New York：Bibliomotion, 2012）.

［131］ Robert I. Sutton and Andrew Hargadon, “Brainstorming Groups in Context：Effectiveness in a Product Design Firm,”Administrative Science Quarterly 41（1996）：685-718.

［132］ Personal interviews with Nancy Lublin, December 12, 2014, and February 23, 2015.

［133］ Elliot Aronson and Shelley Patnoe, Cooperation in the Classroom：The Jigsaw Method（New York：Addison Wesley, 1997）.