参考资料

第2章

Stephen Hawking, Stuart Russell, Max Tegmark, and Frank Wilczek，“Stephen Hawking：“Transcendence Looks at the Implications of Artificial Intelligence—But Are We Taking AI Seriously Enough?”The Independent, May 1，2014，http：//www.independent.co.uk/news/science/stephen-hawking-transcendence-looks-at-the-implications-of-artifcial-intelligence-but-are-we-taking-9313474.html.

Paul Mozur，“Beijing Wants A. I.to Be Made in China by 2030，”New York Times, July 20，2017，https：//www.nytimes.com/2017/07/20/business/china-artificial-intelligence.html?mcubz=0&_r=0.

Steve Jurvetson，“Intelligence Inside，”Medium, August 9，2016，https：//medium.com/@DFJvc/intelligence-inside-54dcad8c4a3e.

William D. Nordhaus，“Do Real-Output and Real-Wage Measures Capture Reality?The History of Lighting Suggests Not，”Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics, Yale University，1998，https：//lucept.fles.wordpress.com/2014/11/william-nordhaus-the-cost-of-light.pdf.

William D. Nordhaus，“Two Centuries of Productivity Growth in Computing，”Journal of Economic History, vol.67/1（2007）：128-159.

Lovelace, quoted in Walter Isaacson, The Innovators：How a Group of Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution（New York：Simon&Schuster，2014），27.

US Patent Number 8，615，473 B2. Also, Praveen Kopalle，“Why Amazon’s Anticipatory Shipping is Pure Genius，”Forbes, January 28，2014，https：//www.forbes.com/sites/onmarketing/2014/01/28/why-amazons-anticipatory-shipping-is-pure-genius/#2a3284174605.

第3章

“Mastercard Rolls Out Artificial Intelligence across Its Global Network，”Mastercardpress release, November 30，2016，https：//newsroom.mastercard.com/press-releases/mastercard-rolls-out-artifcial-intelligence-across-its-global-network/.

Adam Geitgey，“Machine Learning Is Fun, Part 5：Language Translation with Deep Learning and the Magic of Sequences，”Medium, August 21，2016，https：//medium.com/@ageitgey/machine-learning-is-fun-part-5-language-translation-with-deep-learning-and-the-magic-of-sequences-2ace0acca0aa.

Yiting Sun，“Why 500 Million People in China Are Talking to This AI，”MIT Technology Review, September 14，2017，https：//www.technologyreview.com/s/608841/why-500-million-people-in-china-are-talking-to-this-ai/.

Salvatore J. Stolfo, David W. Fan, Wenke Lee, and Andreas L. Prodromidis，“Credit Card Fraud Detection Using Meta-Learning：Issues and Initial Results，”AAAI Technical Report, WS-97-07，1997，http：//www.aaai.org/Papers/Workshops/1997/WS-97-07/WS97-07-015.pdf.

E. Aleskerov, B. Freisleben, and B. Rao，“CARDWATCH：A Neural Network Based Database Mining System for Credit Card Fraud Detection，”Computational Intelligence for Financial Engineering，1997，http：//ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=618940.

Abhinav Srivastava, Amlan Kundu, Shamik Sural, and Arun Majumdar，“Credit Card Fraud Detection Using Hidden Markov Model，”IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing 5，no.1（January-March 2008）：37-48，http：//ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4358713. See also Jarrod West and Maumita Bhattacharya，“Intelligent Financial Fraud Detection：A Comprehensive Review, Computers&Security 57（2016）：47-66，http：//www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167404815001261.

Andrej Karpathy，“What I Learned from Competing against a ConvNet on ImageNet，”Andrej Karthy（blog），September 2，2014，http：//karpathy.github.io/2014/09/02/what-i-learned-from-competing-against-a-convnet-on-imagenet/；ImageNet, Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge 2016，http：//image-net.org/challenges/LSVRC/2016/results；Andrej Karpathy, LISVRC 2014，http：//cs.stanford.edu/people/karpathy/ilsvrc/.

Aaron Tilley，“China’s Rise in the Global AI Race Emerges as It Takes Over the Final ImageNet Competition，”Forbes, July 31，2017，https：//www.forbes.com/sites/aarontilley/2017/07/31/china-ai-imagenet/#dafa182170a8.

Dave Gershgorn，“The Data That Transformed AI Research—and Possibly the World，”Quartz, July 26，2017，https：//qz.com/1034972/the-data-that-changed-the-direction-of-ai-research-and-possibly-the-world/.

第4章

J. McCarthy, Marvin L. Minsky, N. Rochester, and Claude E. Shannon，“A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artifcial Intelligence，”August 31，1955，http：//www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/history/dartmouth/dartmouth.html.

Jef Hawkins and Sandra Blakeslee, On Intelligence（New York：Times Books，2004），89.

McCarthy et al，“A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on ArtifcialIntelligence.”

IanHacking, TheTamingofChance（Cambridge, UK：Cambridge University Press，1990）.

第5章

Hal Varian，“Beyond Big Data，”lecture, National Association of Business Economists, San Francisco, September 10，2013.

Ngai-yin Chan and Chi-chung Choy，“Screening for Atrial Fibrillation in 13，122 Hong Kong Citizens with Smartphone Electrocardiogram，”BMJ 103，no.1（January 2017），http：//heart.bmj.com/content/103/1/24；Sarah Buhr，“Apple’s Watch Can Detect an Abnormal Heart Rhythm with 97%Accuracy, UCSF Study Says，”Techcrunch, May 11，2017，https：//techcrunch.com/2017/05/11/apples-watch-can-detect-an-abnormal-heart-rhythm-with-97-accuracy-ucsf-study-says/；AliveCor，“AliveCor and Mayo Clinic Announce Collaboration to Identify Hidden Health Signals in Humans，”Cision PR newswire, October 24，2016，http：//www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/alivecor-and-mayo-clinic-announce-collaboration-to-identify-hidden-health-signals-in-humans-300349847.html.

Buhr，“Apple’s Watch Can Detect an Abnormal Heart Rhythm with 97%Accuracy, UCSF Study Says”；and Avesh Singh，“Applying Artificial Intelligence in Medicine：Our Early Results，”Cardiogram（blog），May 11，https：//blog.cardiogr.am/applying-artificial-intelligence-in-medicine-our-early-results-78bfe7605d32.

Dave Heiner，“Competition Authorities and Search，”Microsoft Technet（blog），February 26，2010，https：//blogs.technet.microsoft.com/microsoft_on_the_issues/2010/02/26/competition-authorities-and-search/.

第6章

AmostTverskyandDanielKahneman，“JudgmentunderUncertainty：HeuristicsandBiases，”Science 185，no.4157（1974）：1124-1131，https：//people.hss.caltech.edu/～camerer/Ec101/JudgementUncertainty.pdf.

See Daniel Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow（New York：Farrar, Strauss and Giroux，2011）；and Dan Ariely, Predictably Irrational（New York：HarperCollins，2009）. Michael Lewis, Moneyball（NewYork：Norton，2003）.

Takashi Sugimoto，“AI May Help Japan’s Baseball Champs Rewrite‘Moneyball，’”Nikkei Asian Review, May 2，2016，http：//asia.nikkei.com/Business/Companies/AI-may-help-Japan-s-baseball-champs-rewrite-Moneyball.

Jon Kleinberg, Himabindu Lakkaraju, Jure Leskovec, Jens Ludwig, and Sendhil Mullainathan，“Human Decisions and Machine Predictions，”working paper 23180，National Bureau of Economic Research，2017. Mitchell Hofman, Lisa B. Kahn, and Danielle Li，“Discretion in Hiring，”working paper 21709，National Bureau of Economic Research, November 2015，revised April 2016.

Donald Rumsfeld, news briefng, US Department of Defense, February 12，2002，https：//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/There_are_known_knowns.

Bertrand Rouet-Leduc et al.，“Machine Learning Predicts Laboratory Earthquakes，”Cornell University，2017，http：//arxiv.org/abs/1702.05774.

Dedre Gentner and Albert L. Stevens, Mental Models（New York：Psychology Press，1983）；Dedre Gentner，“Structure Mapping：A Theoretical Model for Analogy，”Cognitive Science 7（1983）：15-170.

Nassim Nicholas Taleb, The Black Swan（New York：Random House，2007）.

Joel Waldfogel，“Copyright Protection, Technological Change, and the Quality of New Products：Evidence from Recorded Music since Napster，”Journal of Law and Economics 55，no.4（2012）：715-740.

Donald Rubin，“Estimating Causal Effects of Treatments in Randomized and Nonrandomized Studies，”Journal of Educational Psychology 66，no.5（1974）：688-701；Jerzy Neyman，“Sur les applications de la theorie des probabilites aux experiences agricoles：Essai des principes，”master’s thesis，1923，excerpts reprinted in English, D. M. Dabrowska, and T. P. Speed, translators, Statistical Science 5（1923）：463-472. Garry Kasporov, Deep Thinking（New York：Perseus Books，2017），99-100.

Google Panda, Wikipedia, https：//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Panda, accessed July 26，2017. Most notably as described in Google webmasters，“What’s It Like to Fight Webspam at Google?”YouTube, Febuary 12，2014，https：//www.youtube.com/watch?v=rr-Cye_mFiQ.

Ashitha Nagesh，“Now You Can Finally Get Rid of All Those Instagram Spammers and Trolls，”Metro, September 13，2016，http：//metro.co.uk/2016/09/13/now-you-can-finally-get-rid-of-all-those-instagram-spammers-and-trolls-6125645/.

Jonathan Vanian，“Instagram Turns to Artificial Intelligence to Fight Spam and Offensive Comments，”Fortune, June 29，2017，http：//fortune.com/2017/06/29/instagram-artificial-intelligence-offensive-comments/.

Robert Lucas，“Econometric Policy Evaluation：A Critique，”Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series in Public Policy 1，no.1（1976）：19-46，https：//ideas.repec.org/a/eee/crcspp/v1y1976ip19-46.html.

Tim Harford, The Undercover Economist Strikes Back：How to Run-or Ruin-an Economy（NewYork：Riverhead Books，2014）.

Dayong Wang et al.，“Deep Learning for Identifying Metastatic Breast Cancer，”Camelyon Grand Challenge, June 18，2016，https：//arxiv.org/pdf/1606.05718.pdf.

Charles Babbage, On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures（London：Charles Knight Pall Mall East，1832），162.

Daniel Paravisini and Antoinette Schoar，“The Incentive Effect of IT：Randomized Evidence from Credit Committees，”working paper 19303，National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2013.

Miranda Katz，“Welcome to the Era of the AI Coworker，”Wired, November 15，2017 https：//www.wired.com/story/welcome-to-the-era-of-the-ai-coworker/.

第7章

Jody Rosen，“The Knowledge, London’s Legendary Taxi-Driver Test, Puts Up a Fight in the Age of GPS，”New York Times, November 10，2014，https：//www.nytimes.com/2014/11/10/t-magazine/london-taxi-test-knowledge.html?_r=0.

第8章

Andrew McAfee and Erik Brynjolfsson, Machine, Platform, Crowd：Harnessing Our Digital Future（New York：Norton，2017），72.

Jean-Pierre Dube and Sanjog Misra，“Scalable Price Targeting，”working paper, Booth School of Business, University of Chicago，2017，http：//conference.nber.org/confer//2017/SI2017/PRIT/Dube_Misra.pdf.

第9章

Daisuke Wakabayashi，“Meet the People Who Train the Robots（to Do Their Own Jobs），”New York Times, April 28，2017，https：//www.nytimes.com/2017/04/28/technology/meet-the-people-who-train-the-robots-to-do-their-own-jobs.html?_r=l

Ben Popper，“The Smart Bots Are Coming and This One Is Brilliant，”The Verge, April 7，2016，https：//www.theverge.com/2016/4/7/11380470/amy-personal-digital-assistant-bot-ai-conversational.

Ellen Huet，“The Humans Hiding Behind the Chatbots，”Bloomberg, April 18，2016，https：//www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-04-18/the-humans-hiding-behind-the-chatbots.

Wakabayashi，“Meet the People Who Train the Robots（to Do Their Own Jobs）.”

Marc Mangel and Francisco J. Samaniego，“Abraham Wald’s Work on Aircraft Survivability，”Journal of the American Statistical Association 79，no.386（1984）：259-267.

Bart J. Bronnenberg, Peter E. Rossi, and Naufel J. Vilcassim，“Structural Modeling and Policy Simulation，”Journal of Marketing Research 42，no.1（2005）：22-26，http：//journals.ama.org/doi/abs/10.1509/jmkr.42.1.22.56887.

Jean Pierre Dubé et al.，“Recent Advances in Structural Econometric Modeling，”Marketing Letters 16，no.3-4（2005）：209-224，https：//link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11002-005-5886-0?LI=true.

第10章

“RobotMailmanRollsonaTightSchedule，”PopularScience, October1976，https：//books.google.ca/books?id=HwEAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA76&lpg=PA76&dq=mailmobile+robot&source=bl&ots=SHkkOiDv8K&sig=sYFXzvvZ8_GvOV8Gt30hoGrFhpk&hl=en&sa=X&ei=B3kLVYr7N8meNoLsg_AD&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=mailmobile%20robot&f=false.

Nobel citation：“Studies of Decision Making Lead to Prize in Economics，”Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, press release, October 16，1978，https：//www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/1978/press.html. Turing award citation：Herbert Alexander Simon, A. M. Turing Award，1975，http：//amturing.acm.org/award_winners/simon_1031467.cfm.

Herbert A. Simon，“Rationality as Process and as Product of Thought，”AmericanEconomic Review 68，no.2（1978）：1-16；Allen Nevell and Herbert A. Simon，“Computer

Science as Empirical Inquiry，”Communications of the ACM 19，no.3（1976）：120.

Roger K. Moore，“Results from a Survey of Attendees at ASRU 1997 and 2003，”INTERSPEECH-2005，Lisbon, September 4-8，2005.

第11章

Jmdavis，“Autopilot worked for me today and saved an accident，”Tesla Motors Club（blog），December 12，2016，https：//teslamotorsclub.com/tmc/threads/autopilot-worked-for-me-today-and-saved-an-accident.82268/.

Fred Lambert，“Tesla Autopilot’s New Radar Technology Predicts an Accident Caught on Dashcamera a Second Later，”Electrek, December 27，2016，https：//electrek.co/2016/12/27/tesla-autopilot-radar-technology-predict-accident-dashcam/.

NHTSA，“U. S. DOT and IIHS Announce Historic Commitment of 20 Automakers to Make Automatic Emergency Braking Standard on New Vehicles，”March 17，2016，https：//www.nhtsa.gov/press-releases/us-dot-and-iihs-announce-historic-commitment-20-automakers-make-automatic-emergency.

Kathryn Diss，“Driverless Trucks Move All Iron Ore at Rio Tinto’s Pilbara Mines, in World First，”ABC News, October 18，2015，http：//www.abc.net.au/news/2015-10-18/rio-tinto-opens-worlds-first-automated-mine/6863814.

Tim Simonite，“Mining 24 Hours a Day with Robots，”MIT Technology Review, December 28，2016，https：//www.technologyreview.com/s/603170/mining-24-hours-a-day-with-robots/.

Samantha Murphy Kelly，“Stunning Underwater Olympics Shots Are Now Taken by Robots，”CNN, August 9，2016，http：//money.cnn.com/2016/08/08/technology/olympics-underwater-robots-getty/.

Hoang Le, Andrew Kang, and Yisong Yue，“Smooth Imitation Learning for Online Sequence Prediction，”International Conference on Machine Learning, June 19，2016，https：//www.disneyresearch.com/publication/smooth-imitation-learning/.

Isaac Asimov，“Runaround，”I, Robot（The Isaac Asimov Collection ed.）（New York：Doubleday，1950），40.

Department of Defense Directive 3000.09：Autonomy in Weapon Systems, November 21，2012，https：//www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=726163.

Mark Guburd，“Why Should We Ban Autonomous Weapons?To Survive，”IEEE Spectrum, June 1，2016，http：//spectrum.ieee.org/automaton/robotics/military-robots/why-should-we-ban-autonomous-weapons-to-survive.

第12章

Robert Solow，“We’d Better Watch Out，”New York Times Book Review, July 12，1987，36.

Michael Hammer，“Reengineering Work：Don’t Automate, Obliterate，”Harvard Business Review, July-August 1990，https：//hbr.org/1990/07/reengineering-work-dont-automate-obliterate.

Art Kleiner，“Revisiting Reengineering，”Strategy+Business, July 2000，https：//www.strategy-business.com/article/19570?gko=e05ea.

Nanette Byrnes，“As Goldman Embraces Automation, Even the Masters of the Universe Are Threatened，”MIT Technology Review, February 7，2017，https：//www.technologyreview.com/s/603431/as-goldman-embraces-automation-even-the-masters-of-the-universe-are-threatened/.

“Google Has More Than 1，000 Artifcial Intelligence Projects in the Works，”The Week, October 18，2016，http：//theweek.com/speedreads/654463/google-more-than-1000-artifcial-intelligence-projects-works.

Scott Forstall, quoted in“How the iPhone Was Born，”Wall Street Journal video, June 25，2017，http：//www.wsj.com/video/how-the-iphone-was-born-inside-stories-of-missteps-and-triumphs/302CFE23-392D-4020-B1BD-B4B9CEF7D9A8.html.

第13章

Steve Jobs in Memory and Imagination：New Pathways to the Library of Congress, Michael Lawrence Films，2006，https：//www.youtube.com/watch?v=ob_GX50Za6c.

第14章

Steven Levy，“A Spreadsheet Way of Knowledge，”Wired, October 24，2014，https：//backchannel.com/a-spreadsheet-way-of-knowledge-8de60af7146e.

Nick Statt，“The Next Big Leap in AI Could Come from Warehouse Robots，”The Verge, June 1，2017，https：//www.theverge.com/2017/6/1/15703146/kindred-orb-robot-ai-startup-warehouse-automation.

L. B. Lusted，“Logical Analysis in Roentgen Diagnosis，”Radiology 74（1960）：178-193.

Siddhartha Mukherjee，“A. I.versus M. D.，”New Yorker, April 3，2017，http：//www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/04/03/ai-versus-md.

S. Jha and E. J. Topol，“Adapting to Artificial Intelligence：Radiologists and Pathologists as Information Specialists，”Journal of the American Medical Association 316，no.22（2016）：2353-2354.

Frank Levy，“Computers and the Supply of Radiology Services，”Journal of the American College of Radiology 5，no.10（2008）：1067-1072.

Leonard Berlin，“The Radiologist：Doctor’s Doctor or Patient’s Doctor，”American Journal of Roentgenology 128，no.4（1977），http：//www.ajronline.org/doi/pdf/10.2214/ajr.128.4.702.

Levy，“Computers and the Supply of Radiology Services.”

Jha and Topol，“Adapting to Artificial Intelligence”；S. Jha，“Will Computers Replace Radiologists?”Medscape 30（December 2016），http：//www.medscape.com/viewarticle/863127#vp_1.

Carl Benedikt Frey and Michael A. Osborne，“The Future of Employment：How Susceptible Are Jobs to Computerisation?”Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, September 2013，http：//www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf.

第15章

“How Germany’s Otto Uses Artificial Intelligence，”The Economist, April 12，2017，https：//www.economist.com/news/business/21720675-firm-using-algorithm-designed-cern-laboratory-how-germanys-otto-uses.

Zvi Griliches，“Hybrid Corn and the Economics of Innovation，”Science 29（July 1960）：275-280.

Bryce Ryan and N. Gross，“The Difusion of Hybrid Seed Corn，”Rural Sociology 8（1943）：15-24.

Bryce Ryan and N. Gross，“Acceptance and Difusion of Hybrid Corn Seed in Two Iowa Communities，”Iowa Agriculture Experiment Station Research Bulletin, no.372（January 1950）.

Kelly Gonsalves，“Google Has More Than 1，000 Artificial Intelligence Projects in the Works，”The Week, October 18，2016，http：//theweek.com/speedreads/654463/google-more-than-1000-artifcial-intelligence-projects-works.

Nate Silver, The Signal and the Noise（New York：Penguin Books，2015），chapter 3.

Daniel Ren，“Tencent Joins the Fray with Baidu in Providing Artificial Intelligence Applications for Self-Driving Cars，”South China Morning Post, August 27，2017，http：//www.scmp.com/business/companies/article/2108489/tencent-forms-alliance-push-ai-applications-self-driving.

Ren，“Tencent Joins the Fray with Baidu in Providing Artifcial Intelligence Applications for Self-Driving Cars.”

第16章

“Complexity, Flexibility, and the Make-or-Buy Decision，”American Economic Review 92，no.2（May 2002）：433-437.

Silke Januszewski Forbes and Mara Lederman，“Adaptation and Vertical Integration in the Airline Industry，”American Economic Review 99，no.5（December 2009）：1831-1849.

Sharon Novak and Scott Stern，“How Does Outsourcing Afect Performance Dynamics?Evidence from the Automobile Industry，”Management Science 54，no.12（December 2008）：1963-1979.

Jim Bessen, Learning by Doing（New Haven, CT：Yale University Press，2106）.

Dirk Bergemann and Alessandro Bonatti，“Selling Cookies，”American Economic Journal：Microeconomics7，no.2（2015）：259-294.

第17章

Will Smith，“Stop Calling Google Cardboard’s 360-Degree Videos‘VR’，”Wired，

November 16，2015，https：//www.wired.com/2015/11/360-video-isnt-virtual-reality/. Jessir Hempel，“Inside Microsoft’s AI Comeback，”Wired, June 21，2017，https：//www.wired.com/story/inside-microsofts-ai-comeback/.

“What Does It Mean for Google to Become an‘AI-First’（Quoting Sundar）Company?”Quora, April 2016，https：//www.quora.com/What-does-it-mean-for-Google-to-become-an-AI-flrst-company.

Clayton M. Christensen, The Innovator’s Dilemma（Boston：Harvard Business Review Press，2016）.

Joshua S. Gans, The Disruption Dilemma（Cambridge, MA：MIT Press，2016）.

Nathan Rosenberg，“Learning by Using：Inside the Black Box：Technology and Economics，”paper, University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana，1982，120-140.

Chesley“Sully”Sullenberger quoted in Katy Couric，“Capt. Sully Worried about Airline Industry，”CBS News, February 10，2009；https：//www.cbsnews.com/news/capt-sully-worried-about-airline-industry/.

Mark Harris，“Tesla Drivers Are Paying Big Bucks to Test Flawed Self-Driving Software，”Wired, March 4，2017，https：//backchannel.com/tesla-drivers-are-guinea-pigs-for-fawed-self-driving-software-c2cc80b483a#.s0u7lsv4f.

Nikolai Yakovenko，“GANS Will Change the World，”Medium, January 3，2017，https：//medium.com/@Moscow25/gans-will-change-the-world-7ed6ae8515ca；Sebastian Anthony，“Google Teaches‘AIs’to Invent Their Own Crypto and Avoid Eavesdropping，”Ars Technica, October 28，2016，https：//arstechnica.com/information-technology/2016/10/google-ai-neural-network-cryptography/.

Apple，“Privacy，”https：//www.apple.com/ca/privacy/.

Cynthia Dwork，“Differential Privacy：A Survey of Results，”in M. Agrawal, D. Du, Z. Duan, and A. Li（eds），Theory and Applications of Models of Computation. TAMC 2008. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 4978（Berlin：Springer，2008），https：//doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-79228-4_1.

William Langewiesche，“The Human Factor，”Vanity Fair, October 2014，http：//www.vanityfair.com/news/business/2014/10/air-france-fight-447-crash.

TimHarford，“HowComputersAreSettingUsUpforDisaster，”TheGuardian, October11，2016，https：//www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/oct/11/crash-how-computers-are-setting-us-up-disaster.

第18章

L. Sweeney，“Discrimination in Online Ad Delivery，”Communications of the ACM 56，no.5（2013）：44-54，https：//dataprivacylab.org/projects/onlineads/.

“Racism Is Poisoning Online Ad Delivery, Says Harvard Professor，”MIT Technology Review, February 4，2013，https：//www.technologyreview.com/s/510646/racism-is-poisoning-online-ad-delivery-says-harvard-professor/.

Anja Lambrecht and Catherine Tucker，“Algorithmic Bias?An Empirical Study into Apparent Gender-Based Discrimination in the Display of STEM Career Ads”（paper presented at the NBER Summer Institute, July 2017）.

Diane Cardwell and Libby Nelson，“The Fire Dept. Tests That Were Found to Discriminate，”New York Times, July 23，2009，https：//cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/07/23/the-fre-dept-tests-that-were-found-to-discriminate/?mcubz=0&_r=0；US v. City of New York（FDNY），https：//www.justice.gov/archives/crt-fdny/overview.

Paul Voosen，“How AI Detectives Are Cracking Open the Black Box of Deep Learning，”Science, July 6，2017，http：//www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/07/how-ai-detectives-are-cracking-open-black-box-deep-learning.

T. Blake, C. Nosko, and S. Tadelis，“Consumer Heterogeneity and Paid Search Efectiveness：A Large-Scale Field Experiment，”Econometrica 83（2015）：155-174.

Hossein Hosseini, Baicen Xiao, and Radha Poovendran，“Deceiving Google’s Cloud Video Intelligence API Built for Summarizing Videos”（paper presented at CVPR Workshops, March 31，2017），https：//arxiv.org/pdf/1703.09793.pdf；see also“Artificial Intelligence Used by Google to Scan Videos Could Easily Be Tricked by a Picture of Noodles，”Quartz, April 4，2017，https：//qz.com/948870/the-ai-used-by-google-to-scan-videos-could-easily-be-tricked-by-a-picture-of-noodles/.

Charles S. Elton, The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants（New York：John Wiley，1958）.

Ryan Singel，“Google Catches Bing Copying；Microsoft Says‘So What?’”Wired, February 1，2011，https：//www.wired.com/2011/02/bing-copies-google/.

Shane Greenstein，“Bing Imitates Google：Their Conduct Crosses a Line，”Virulent Word of Mouse（blog），February 2，2011，https：//virulentwordofmouse.wordpress.com/2011/02/02/bing-imitates-google-their-conduct-crosses-a-line/

Ben Edelman，“In Accusing Microsoft, Google Doth Protest Too Much，”hbr.org, February 3，2011，https：//hbr.org/2011/02/in-accusing-microsoft-google.html.

Joshua Gans，“The Consequences of Hiybbprqag’ing，”Digitopoly, February 8，2011；https：//digitopoly.org/2011/02/08/the-consequences-of-hiybbprqaging/.

Florian Tramèr, Fan Zhang, Ari Juels, Michael K. Reiter, and Thomas Ristenpart，“Stealing Machine Learning Models via Prediction APIs”（paper presented at the Proceedings of the 25th USENIX Security Symposium, Austin, TX, August 10-12，2016），https：//regmedia.co.uk/2016/09/30/sec16_paper_tramer.pdf.

James Vincent，“Twitter Taught Microsoft’s AI Chatbot to Be a Racist Asshole in Less Than a Day，”The Verge, March 24，2016，https：//www.theverge.com/2016/3/24/11297050/tay-microsoft-chatbot-racist.

Rob Price，“Microsoft Is Deleting Its Chatbot’s Incredibly Racist Tweets，”Business Insider, March 24，2016，http：//www.businessinsider.com/microsoft-deletes-racist-genocidal-tweets-from-ai-chatbot-tay-2016-3?r=UK&IR=T.

第19章

James Vincent，“Elon Musk Says We Need to Regulate AI Before It Becomes a Danger to Humanity，”The Verge, July 17，2017，https：//www.theverge.com/2017/7/17/15980954/elon-musk-ai-regulation-existential-threat.

Chris Weller，“One of the Biggest VCs in Silicon Valley Is Launching an Experiment That Will Give 3000 People Free Money Until 2022，”Business Insider, September 21，2017，http：//www.businessinsider.com/y-combinator-basic-income-test-2017-9.

Stephen Hawking，“This Is the Most Dangerous Time for Our Planet，”The Guardian, December 1，2016，https：//www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/dec/01/stephen-hawking-dangerous-time-planet-inequality.

“The Onrushing Wave，”The Economist, January 18，2014，https：//www.economist.com/news/brieflng/21594264-previous-technological-innovation-has-always-delivered-more-long-run-employment-not-less.

John Markoff, Machines of Loving Grace：The Quest for Common Ground Between Humans and Robots（New York：Harper Collins，2015）.

Martin Ford, Rise of the Robots：Technology and the Threat of a Jobless Future（New York：Basic Books，2016）.

Ryan Avent, The Wealth of Humans：Work, Power, and Status in the Twenty-First Century（London：St. Martin’s Press，2016）.

Jason Furman，“Is This Time Different?The Opportunities and Challenges of AI，”https：//obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/flles/page/flles/20160707_cea_ai_furman.pdf.

Claudia Dale Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz, The Race between Education and Technology（Cambridge, MA：Harvard University Press，2009），90.

Lesley Chiou and Catherine Tucker，“Search Engines and Data Retention：Implications for Privacy and Antitrust，”working paper no.23815，National Bureau of Economic Research, http：//www.nber.org/papers/w23815.

Google AdWords，“Reach more customers with broad match，”2008.

James Vincent，“Putin Says the Nation That Leads in AI‘Will Be the Ruler of the World，’”The Verge, September 4，2017，https：//www.theverge.com/2017/9/4/16251226/russia-ai-putin-rule-the-world.

Dan Trefler and Avi Goldfarb，“AI and Trade，”in Ajay Agrawal, Joshua Gans, and Avi Goldfarb, eds.，Economics of AI, forthcoming.

Paul Mozur，“Beijing Wants AI to Be Made in China by 2030，”New York Times, July 20，2017，https：//www.nytimes.com/2017/07/20/business/china-artifical-intelligence.html?_r=0.

“Why China’s AI Push Is Worrying，”The Economist, July 27，2017，https：//www.economist.com/news/leaders/21725561-state-controlled-corporations-are-developing-powerful-artificial-intelligence-why-chinas-ai-push?frsc=dg%7Ce.

Paul Mozur，“Beijing Wants AI to Be Made in China by 2030，”New York Times, July 20，2017，https：//www.nytimes.com/2017/07/20/business/china-artiiflcial-intelligence.html?_r=0.

Image 37 of Impact of Basic Research on Technological Innovation and National Prosperity：Hearing before the Subcommittee on Basic Research of the Committee on Science, House of Representatives, One Hundred Sixth Congress, first session, September 28，1999，27.

Will Knight，“China’s AI Awakening，”MIT Technology Review, November 2017.

Jessi Hempel，“How Baidu Will Win China’s AI Race—and Maybe the World’s，”Wired, August 9，2017，https：//www.wired.com/story/how-baidu-will-win-chinas-ai-raceand-maybe-the-worlds/.

Will Knight，“10 Breakthrough Technologies—2017：Paying with Your Face，”MIT Technology Review, March-April 2017，https：//www.technologyreview.com/s/603494/10-breakthrough-technologies-2017-paying-with-your-face/.

Oren Etzioni，“How to Regulate Artificial Intelligence，”New York Times, September 1，2017，https：//www.nytimes.com/2017/09/01/opinion/artificial-intelligence-regulations-rules.html?_r=0.

Aleecia M. McDonald and Lorrie Faith Cranor，“The Cost of Reading Privacy Policies，”I/S 4，no.3（2008）：543-568，http：//heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/isjlpsoc4&div=27&g_sent=1&casa_token=&collection=journals.

Christian Catalini and Joshua S. Gans，“Some Simple Economics of the Blockchain，”working paper no.2874598，Rotman School of Management, September 21，2017，and MIT Sloan Research Paper No.5191-16，available at https：//ssrn.com/abstract=2874598.

Nick Bostrom, Superintelligence（Oxford, UK：Oxford University Press，2016）.

Max Tegmark, Life 3.0：Being Human in the Age of Artifcial Intelligence（New York：Knopf，2017）.

“Prepare for the Future of Artificial Intelligence，”Executive Office of the President, National Science and Technology Council, Committee on Technology, October 2016.