附录

本附录总结了我收集的关于2015年美国各州轻罪案卷规模的数据。它提供了对2015年美国轻罪案卷总规模最全最新的估计：13240034起刑事案件。据我所知，这是同类研究中最全面的数据。

数据采集

2016年12月6日，我向所有50个州以及哥伦比亚特区的法院行政办公室（AOC，以下简称行政办公室）发出了申请函。行政办公室是州一级监督实体，除其他工作外，其负责收集有关州和地方法院运作的数据。我从每个行政办公室那里索取了2015年的以下数据：所有法院的轻罪、违规和违警罪的州档案总数；案件处置（审判、定罪、无罪释放、认罪、解雇、无效起诉、撤案及审前转化程序的处置）；按犯罪类型划分的档案总数；施加的刑罚，包括监禁、缓刑、审前转化程序和罚金；以及评估收取的罚金总额。此外，我特别要求提供以下几类案件的数据：吊销驾照案、持有大麻案、行为不检案、游荡案、非法闯入案和拒捕案。

251

14个州给了我一些要求的数据。南卡罗来纳州和田纳西州拒绝了我的请求。有8个州根本没有回复，甚至在后续电子邮件之后也是如此。有几个州表示，这些数据必须支付高昂价格才能发给我，我支付了其中报价数百元的数据费。大多数州行政办公室的回应是把我引到他们的公共网站，这些网站通常都有一份年度司法报告。这些报告中有许多地方（但不是全部）提供了该州每年的轻罪案件量，但这些报告和网站很少包含我要求的其他数据。此外，司法报告中的信息往往是片面的。一些州没有统一的法院系统，这意味着有市政和其他地方法院——通常是几十个——并不向行政办公室提供数据，因此其轻罪案件量不包括在州总数中。在其中一些州，行政办公室代表表示，只能分别致电数十家甚至数百家市政法院来获得市政案件量。

我还依赖于“法院统计项目”（Court Statistics Project）的数据，该项目是全国州法院中心和国家法院行政人员会议的联合项目。法院统计项目是一个关于州案件（包括轻罪案件）的公共、集中的数据存储库。35个州向国家公务员制度委员会报告了2015年的数据。这些总数包括在下表中。国家法院中心还估计了每个州每10万人口的轻罪申请率：这些估值已列入表格。

252

除了国家法院中心的数据和行政办公室的回应外，我还用其他来源的数据补充了每个州的结果。这些包括几乎我能想到的任何东西，例如州司法年度报告、非营利组织和其他独立组织的报告、地方政府消息来源、公设辩护人办公室和谷歌搜索。对于既没有向国家法院中心提供数据，也没有回应我正式请求的州，我特别努力在其他地方查找全州范围的数据，每一个来源都记录在脚注中。该表提供了国家法院中心总数以及我根据行政办公室和所有其他来源得出的总数。它们往往有很大的不同。有时我会发现更多轻罪档案的证据，有时我找不到国家法院中心总数所反映的公共记录中的那么多案子。不管怎样，当我的总数与上报给国家法院中心的不同时，我会以全国州法院中心的数据为准来计算全国的总数。

对于国家法院中心没有数据的13个州，我根据自己独立收集的数据和2015年的人口普查数据来估计立案率。另外3个州——路易斯安那州、俄克拉荷马州和田纳西州——根本没有全州的备案数据。对于这些，我使用了其他48个州和哥伦比亚特区的平均申请率（每10万人4124人），并根据这三个州的人口推算出了轻罪案件的数量。 (1)

253

评价性挑战

在收集这些数据时，我尽量做到既彻底又谨慎。我的目标是准确地了解刑事轻罪制度的规模，国家和地方通过轻罪行使强制刑罚权的频率，以及有多少人经历过轻罪案件。这项任务具有挑战性，部分原因是各州对轻罪案件的分类和计数有所不同。这种不统一是由于轻罪程序的两个结构特征，我将在第二章详细讨论这两个特征。第一，附带各种标签的犯罪，包括“轻罪”“违规”“违警”和“交通”，每一种犯罪在不同的州甚至州内的司法管辖区都可能有不同的定义和特征。有些犯罪可能会导致入狱，有些则只会处以罚金。有些犯罪被贴上了“非犯罪”的标签，但仍然可能导致处罚甚至监禁。有些犯罪，比如超速驾驶，从技术上讲可以是“刑事轻罪”，但仍然主要是由书记员以行政方式处理的。特别是交通法规，无论在州还是在地方，它既可能是刑事的，又可能是民事的，也可能是两者的混合。它既包含相对严重的违法行为，如酒后驾车或被吊销执照驾驶，也包括轻微的违法行为。

第二，低级别法院系统不统一或不一致。许多州都有多个级别的审判法庭，每个法庭都以不同的方式处理、分类和统计低级别的犯罪行为。特别值得注意的是那些授权各个城市创建独立的市政法院来裁决违反地方法令的州。这些条例定义了违法行为，从技术上讲，其中一些或全部可能属于刑事轻罪，但范围从交通违法到乱扔垃圾，再到袭击。此外，至少有十个州系统并不统一，因为并不是所有的地方法院都向中央州储存库报告数据；因此，它们的轻罪案件数量必然只包含部分数据。表中标识了这些州。

鉴于定义上的混乱，统计各州的轻罪可能是一种有点巧妙的做法。我的处理方法如下：在各州明确和实质性地区分刑事轻罪和所有其他罪行的地方，我会采用它们的分类。否则，我会根据我掌握的数据作出各种判断。例如，25个州将超速归类为犯罪，许多州将所有交通违法行为归类为往往可能面临监禁的轻罪。当我可以选择的时候，我会将超速和其他低级交通违法行为，如擅闯停车标志等排除在州总数之外，即使从技术上讲它们也是犯罪。之所以如此，是因为他们自成一体，对数据总量的影响太大，如果把他们包括在内会影响观察其他犯罪种类对总体的影响。这也与各州自己采取的做法一致，各州通常不会将超速和其他“普通”交通违法行为包括在轻罪总数中。相反，我将一些州所称的“严重”交通犯罪列入了数据总量中，比如在被吊销驾照或没有保险的情况下驾驶，酒后驾驶，以及其他州经常严厉惩罚的犯罪行为，因为这些行为更接近于大多数美国人所理解的轻罪。同样，这与大多数州的做法是一致的。我排除了不会坐牢的违反民事条例的行为。一般而言，我倾向于排除数据，并将其标记在脚注里。因此，这些结果只会低估各州及地方政府通过轻罪程序行使刑罚权的总体规模。

254

我曾希望能获得一张关于轻罪制度更为详细的图片，但我收到的信息太过分散和零碎。例如，我询问了每个州轻罪被告人的种族构成和各种犯罪行为，但大多数州都没有提供这些信息。我询问了扰乱秩序和非法入侵等犯罪行为的总数，但也只获得了很少的数据。如果各州确实给了我相关数据，我会将其列入表中。

最重要的是，我希望这些记录了我的努力和信息来源的数据——并详细记录我的努力和来源——能支持进一步的研究。这个附录是一个升华：我很高兴与对此感兴趣的人分享更多的信息。

255

表A.1　2015年州轻罪案件量数据 附录 - 图1 *　此栏表示该州未向国家法院中心报告，下一栏中相应的总数若用粗体表示，则表示其已列入国家法院中心的总数中。

†　在向国家法院中心报告的州中，此列为国家法院中心提供的估值。在没有向其报告的州，则由本人根据美国人口普查局2015年的州人口进行估算。

‡　此列中，统一法院系统是指该州所有法院向AOC或其他州中央司法机关报告案件量数据的系统。在非统一法院系统中，AOC不会从所有法院收集数据。

续表 附录 - 图2

续表 附录 - 图3

续表 附录 - 图4

注释

[1] R. Schauffler et al., eds., “Court Statistics Project DataViewer,” Court Statistics Project, last modified January 11, 2017, http://www.ncsc.org/Sitecore/Content/Microsites/PopUp/Home/CSP/CSP_Intro［https://perma.cc/EML6-25U3］（accessed December 1, 2016, August 24, 2017, and March 2, 2018）.

[2] “Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2017,” US Census Bureau, December 2017, https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=PEP_2017_PEPANNRES&src=pt［https://perma.cc/F3B6-2FKU］.

[3] Alabama Unified Judicial System, Fiscal Year 2015, Annual Report and Statistics （Montgomery: Alabama Administrative Office of Courts 2015）, 156, 163, http://www.alacourt.gov/Annual%20Reports/2015AOCAnnualReport.pdf［https://perma.cc/DPA9-T6E5］. Includes district court criminal filings（143,643）and municipal court DUI and nontraffic filings（95,507）.

[4] Alaska Court System Annual Report FY 2015 （Anchorage: Alaska Court System, 2015）, 125 and Table 5.04, https://public.courts.alaska.gov/web/admin/docs/fy15.pdf［https://perma.cc/6RH2-WCYP］. Includes DUI, driving with a suspended license, and some other serious motor vehicle offenses but not speeding. Alaska designates the vast majority of its traffic offenses as “minor offenses,” not misdemeanors.

[5] Limited Jurisdiction Courts: Narrative Summary （Arizona: Arizona Court Services Division, 2015）, 3, http://www.azcourts.gov/Portals/39/2015DR/LJCaseActivity.pdf#page=3［https://perma.cc/B6LD-V6NN］. The total caseload that Arizona reported to the NCSC appears to include “other traffic,” “misdemeanor FTA［failure to appear］,” and “traffic FTA.” When I included only criminal misdemeanors, serious traffic violations, and DUIs, I arrived at this lower number.

[6] Spreadsheet provided by Arkansas Administrative Office of the Court, on file with author. Includes 38,576 local ordinance misdemeanors. Annual statistical reports for 2015 are not yet available on the public website. “Calendar Year 2015 Annual Report,” Arkansas Judiciary, https://courts.arkansas.gov/forms-and-publications/annual-reports/calendar-year-2015-annual-report［https://perma.cc/96SF-JQ6L］（accessed March 26, 2018）. Some local district courts report only partial data to the state central repository. Diane Robinson, Arkansas Administrative Office of the Courts, email, December 20, 2016, on file with author.

[7] 2016 Court Statistics Report: Statewide Caseload Trends 2005—2006 Through 2014—2015 （San Francisco: Judicial Council of California, 2016）, 5, 110, and Table 7a, http://www.courts.ca.gov/documents/2016-Court-Statistics-Report.pdf［https://perma.cc/7BUL-S86K］. Includes nontraffic and traffic misdemeanors but not infractions.

[8] Judicial Branch Annual Statistical Report Fiscal Year 2015 （Denver: Colorado Judicial Department, 2015）, Table 26, https://www.courts.state.co.us/userfiles/file/Administration/Planning_and_Analysis/Annual_Statistical_Reports/2015/FY2015%20Annual%20Statistical%20Report.pdf［https://perma.cc/38X7-SPSF］（county court filings）. This number is incomplete. Colorado has 225 municipal courts, which do not report data to the state judicial data system. Justice Derailed: A Case Study of Abusive and Unconstitutional Practices in Colorado City Courts （Denver, CO: American Civil Liberties Union, October 5, 2017）, 4, https://aclu-co.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/JUSTICE-DERAILED-web.pdf［https://perma.cc/2L87-J3D5］. These courts process thousands of criminal misdemeanors. See, e.g., Pueblo Municipal Court 2014 Annual Report （Pueblo, CO: Pueblo Municipal Court, February 27, 2015）, 4, https://www.pueblo.us/ArchiveCenter/ViewFile/Item/1334［https://perma.cc/U5HW-Q5G2］（reporting 4,700 adult criminal cases filed in 2014）.

[9] Spreadsheet provided by AOC, on file with author.

[10] Annual Report 2015 （Wilmington: Delaware Administrative Office of the Courts, 2015）, 34, 40, http://courts.delaware.gov/aoc/annualreports/FY15/doc/AnnualReport2015.pdf［https://perma.cc/PB28-R7VD］. Includes courts of common pleas and justice of the peace courts. In addition, Delaware has six alderman's courts, which are not part of the state judiciary but do report their caseloads to the Administrative Office of the Court. They filed a total of 26,951 civil and criminal cases in 2015. 2015 Annual Report Statistics Information （Wilmington: Delaware Administrative Office of the Courts, 2015）, 71, http://courts.delaware.gov/aoc/annualreports/FY15/doc/2015-Statistical-Report.pdf［https://perma.cc/5Z7T-H5BK］.

[11] District of Columbia Courts: Statistical Summary 2015 （Washington, DC: District of Columbia Courts, 2015）, 12, https://www.dccourts.gov/sites/default/files/matters-docs/2015-Statistical-Summary.pdf［https://perma.cc/4RPL-XXG3］. New filings and cases only, not pending cases.

[12] Spreadsheet provided by AOC, on file with author. Includes 327,793 county court total criminal filings, including municipal ordinances, and 284,277 criminal traffic filings.

[13] “Caseload Reports,” Judicial Council of Georgia, http://www.georgiacourts.org/content/caseload-reports［https://perma.cc/J56K-AJL7］. Includes cases filed in superior court, state court, magistrate court, and municipal court. Includes serious traffic offenses.

[14] Spreadsheet provided by AOC, on file with author. Includes misdemeanors and petty misdemeanors filed in circuit and district court.

[15] Spreadsheet provided by AOC, on file with author. Compare 2015 Annual Statistical Report: Idaho Judiciary （Boise: Idaho Judiciary, 2015）, 15, https://isc.idaho.gov/annuals/2015/ISC_Annual_Report_Appendix_2015.pdf［https://perma.cc/AEM3-ZYFJ］（reporting 72,632 Magistrate Division case filings）.

[16] Annual Report of the Illinois Courts, Statistics Summary—2015 （Springfield: Administrative Office of the Illinois Courts, 2015）, 47, http://www.illinoiscourts.gov/SupremeCourt/AnnualReport/2015/2015_Statistical_Summary.pdf［https://perma.cc/8BCV-Y9DH］. Does not include another 64,987 quasi-criminal ordinance cases. Municipal ordinance violations can carry up to six months' incarceration. 65 Ill. Comp. Stat. §5/1-2-1.

[17] 2015 Indiana Judicial Service Report , vol. 1: Judicial Year in Review （Indianapolis: Office of Judicial Administration, 2015）, 71, http://www.in.gov/judiciary/rpts-ijs-2015-judicial-v1-review.pdf［https://perma.cc/TEP6-93DW］.

[18] The NCSC issued a report on Iowa court workloads in which it reported 172,459 simple misdemeanors and 46,179 aggravated misdemeanors filed in 2015, but that first category appears to include an indeterminate number of traffic offenses. Iowa Judicial Officer Workload Assessment Study, 2016 （Williamsburg, VA: National Center for State Courts, June 2017）, 4, https://www.iowacourts.gov/collections/242/files/428/embedDocument［https://perma.cc/N33R-BRYX］.

[19] Annual Report for the Courts of Kansas Fiscal Year 2015 （Topeka: Office of Judicial Administration, 2015）, http://web.kscourts.org/stats/15/15%20T%20OF%20C%20for%20web.pdf［https://perma.cc/6RBC-DLSC］. The report documents an annual district court misdemeanor caseload of 14,372 and an additional 69,989 criminal traffic misdemeanors, including DUIs. This does not include traffic infractions such as speeding. Approximately 385 municipal courts separately reported an additional 73,156 criminal filings in 2016 and 72,529 in 2017. Annual Report of the Kansas Municipal Courts FY 2016 （Topeka: Office of Judicial Administration, 2016）, 12, http://www.kscourts.org/Kansas-Courts/Municipal-Courts/FY_2016_MuniCtCaseload SummaryReport.pdf［https://perma.cc/YPC6-RRA2］; Annual Report of the Kansas Municipal Courts FY 2017 （Topeka: Office of Judicial Administration, 2017）, 12, http://www.kscourts.org/kansas-courts/municipal-courts/MunicipalCaseloadAnnualReport.pdf［https://perma.cc/BWR3-M6UC］（accessed February 28, 2018）. I was unable to locate a municipal court caseload report for 2015.

[20] Due to a miscommunication, the Kentucky AOC provided me with selected offense breakdowns but not a statewide total caseload.

[21] Extrapolated. I was unable to find aggregate caseload statistics for Louisiana. 2015 Annual Report of the Judicial Council of the Supreme Court （New Orleans: Louisiana Office of Judicial Administration, 2015）, https://www.lasc.org/press_room/annual_reports/reports/2015_Annual_Report.pdf［https://perma.cc/6QF5-96B3］（providing misdemeanor caseloads for city and parrish courts but not mayor's and justice of the peace courts）.

[22] Average state filing rate used to extrapolate state caseload.

[23] Maine Judicial Branch 2015 Annual Report （Portland: Maine Administrative Office of the Courts, 2015）http://www.courts.maine.gov/reports_pubs/reports/annual_reports/ar2015.pdf［https://perma.cc/SC2H-PEFX］. Does not contain misdemeanor caseloads. In a telephone conversation, a representative of the Maine AOC informed me that the office's computer system was outdated and unable to aggregate misdemeanor data. Notes to author, December 16, 2016.

[24] Maryland Judiciary Annual Statistical Abstract FY 2015 （Annapolis: Maryland Administrative Office of the Courts, 2015）, Tables DC-2, DC-4, and DC-5, http://mdcourts.gov/publications/annualreport/reports/2015/fy2015statisticalabstract.pdf［https://perma.cc/RY72-WVH6］. Includes 147,155 criminal filings and 18,126 DWI filings. Criminal filings in Maryland District Courts include some felonies.

[25] Massachusetts provides reports on total criminal court caseloads that do not distinguish between misdemeanors and felonies. “Trial Court Case Statistics: A Listing of Case Statistics for Trial Court Departments by Fiscal Year,” Mass.gov, http://www.mass.gov/courts/court-info/court-management/case-stats/case-stats-2015-gen.html［https://perma.cc/R2TF-KUGZ］（accessed March 26, 2018）.

[26] Spreadsheet provided by AOC, on file with author. See also 2015 Annual Statistical Report, Statewide District Court Summary （Lansing: Michigan Administrative Office of the Courts, 2015）, http://courts.mi.gov/education/stats/Caseload/Documents/Caseload/2015/Statewide.pdf［https://perma.cc/BLA2-PWQC］（reporting a total of 498,142 misdemeanor filings）.

[27] “Annual District Court Statistics,” Minnesota Judicial Branch, http://mncourts.gov/help-topics/data-requests/dashboards.aspx［https://perma.cc/5JP9-V9C9］. Includes all nontraffic “minor criminal” filings.

[28] Data collected and disseminated by AOC pursuant to Miss. Code Courts §9-1-46.

[29] Missouri Judicial Report: Supplement Fiscal Year 2015 （Jefferson City: Missouri Administrative Office of the Courts, 2015）, Table 16, http://www.courts.mo.gov/file.jsp?id=83240［https://perma.cc/29WL-5RZ6］. Includes misdemeanor filings in circuit court and alcohol/drug-related traffic filings in the Municipal Division. It does not include an additional 283,905 nontraffic ordinance cases filed in the Municipal Division because that total does not distinguish between civil and criminal filings.

[30] 2015 Case Filing Statistical Summary （Helena: Montana Administrative Office of the Courts, 2015）, http://courts.mt.gov/Portals/189/lcourt/stats/2015/CrimViolations.pdf［https://perma.cc/N35Z-MNFH］. Includes criminal filings（53,181）and local ordinance filings（16,370）, but not traffic filings, in all Montana courts of limited jurisdiction. Montana cities appear to define local ordinance violations as criminal misdemeanors. See, e.g., Missoula Municipal Code §1.20（all violations of municipal code are misdemeanors punishable by up to ＄500 fine and six months' imprisonment）; City of Whitefish Municipal Code §1-4-1（same）.

[31] Spreadsheet provided by AOC, on file with author. The Nebraska AOC provided several different spreadsheets, some of which stated a total 2015 misdemeanor caseload on the order of 80,000, and others of which described a larger criminal category of misdemeanor, which included over 200,000 misdemeanor filings.

[32] Annual Report of the Nevada Judiciary FY 2015 （Carson City: Nevada Administrative Office of the Courts, 2015）, Table 1（justice and municipal court filings）; Annual Report of the Nevada Judiciary: Fiscal Year 2015 Appendix Tables （Carson City: Nevada Administrative Office of the Courts, 2015）, Tables A2-1, A6-1, A6-2, A8-1, and A8-2, http://nvcourts.gov/Supreme/Reports/Annual_Reports/2015_Annual_Report［https://perma.cc/9Y5Q-PVBB］. While Nevada is technically a non-unified judicial system, local courts do report their caseload data to the Administrative Office of the Court. Rebecca Love Kourlis and Pamela Gagel, “Reinstalling the Courthouse Windows: Using Statistical Data to Promote Judicial Transparency and Accountability in Federal and State Courts,” Villanova Law Review 53（2008）:969—970.

[33] Municipal Court Statistics July 2014—June 2015 （Trenton: New Jersey Administrative Office of the Courts, 2015）, https://www.judiciary.state.nj.us/assets/stats/munc1506.pdf［https://perma.cc/9LT9-YNDQ］. Includes municipal court filings of 429,407 disorderly persons and petty disorderly persons, 213,357 other criminal, and 32,494 DWI offenses. See also Annual Report of the New Jersey Courts 2014—2015 （Trenton: New Jersey Administrative Office of the Courts, 2015）, 79, https://www.judiciary.state.nj.us/public/assets/annualreports/AnnualReportCY15_web.pdf［https://perma.cc/YTY2-GFG6］.

[34] New Mexico Judiciary Statistical Addendum to the 2015 Annual Report （Santa Fe: New Mexico Administrative Office of the Courts, 2015）, https://www2.nmcourts.gov/newface/annualrp/ar2015/FY2015_Statistical_Addendum.pdf［https://perma.cc/9NG6-QRU7］. Does not include eighty-one municipal courts, which do not report filings to the central state data repository.

[35] New York State Adult Arrests Disposed: Misdemeanors （New York: New York State Division of Criminal Justice Services, 2015）, 5（332,703 adult misdemeanor dispositions）, http:// www.criminaljustice.ny.gov/crimnet/ojsa/dispos/nys.pdf［https://perma.cc/CKF7-T6LJ］. Does not include 327,306 criminal summons filings in New York City's Criminal Court. Criminal Court of the City of New York: Annual Report 2015 （New York: New York City Criminal Court, 2015）, 7, https://www.nycourts.gov/COURTS/nyc/criminal/2015_crim_crt_ann_rpt_%20062316_fnl2.pdf［https://perma.cc/LPS4-EKFN］.

[36] Statistical and Operational Report of the North Carolina Trial Courts （Raleigh: North Carolina Administrative Office of the Courts, 2015）, 3, 6, http://www.nccourts.org/Citizens/SRPlanning/Documents/2014-15_trial_courts_statistical_and_operational_report.pdf［https://perma.cc/4QS7-RT92］. Does not include DWI, which North Carolina categorizes as a “traffic misdemeanor,” together with speeding and other low-level traffic violations.

[37] Spreadsheet provided by AOC, on file with author. Includes filings from all district courts and sixteen municipal courts. Does not include fifty-seven additional municipal courts that do not use the state case-management system. Letter from Sally Holewa, state court administrator, March 10, 2017, on file with author. See also North Dakota Court System 2015 Annual Report （Bismarck: Office of the State Court Administrator, 2015）, 17, https://www.ndcourts.gov/court/News/AnnualReport2015.pdf［https://perma.cc/Q7EJ-4TC9］（reporting 21,113 district court misdemeanor filings）.

[38] Letter from Michael Buenger, administrative director, Supreme Court of Ohio, December 16, 2016, on file with author. Includes 888,178 misdemeanors and 166,043 operating-vehicle-under-the-influence cases. Excludes other traffic offenses. The misdemeanor category includes nonjailable misdemeanors. Totals include reporting from municipal, county, and mayor's courts.

[39] Extrapolated. I was unable to locate public caseload data for Oklahoma state courts. Oklahoma also has hundreds of municipal courts, both of record and not of record, which also do not make their caseloads public. “The Oklahoma Court System,” Oklahoma State Courts Network, http://www.oscn.net/courts［https://perma.cc/3VBH-6Y6X］（accessed March 27, 2018）.

[40] Average filing rate.

[41] Oregon Judicial Branch 2015 Annual Report （Salem: Oregon Judicial Department, 2015）, 57, http://www.courts.oregon.gov/about/Documents/2015_AnnualReport%20（6）.pdf［https://perma.cc/VB7Q-394C］（reporting 50,335 misdemeanors filed in circuit courts）. See also Analysis of Charges Filed in State Trial Courts, Calendar Years 2014, 2015 and 1st Half of 2016 （Salem: Oregon Judicial Department, Office of the State Court Administrator, 2016）, 1（reporting 45,880 misdemeanors filed）（report provided by Office of the State Court Administrator, on file with author）. Oregon has thirty-two justice courts and many municipal courts, neither of which are included in these reports.

[42] 2015 Caseload Statistics of the Unified Judicial System of Pennsylvania （Harrisburg: Administrative Office of Pennsylvania, 2015）, http://www.pacourts.us/assets/files/setting-768/file-6170.pdf?cb=24a86d［https://perma.cc/C45V-VY7B］. Does not provide misdemeanor breakdowns for magisterial courts.

[43] Rhode Island Judiciary 2015 Annual Report （Providence: State Court Administrator, 2015）, 26, https://www.courts.ri.gov/PublicResources/annualreports/PDF/2015.pdf［https://perma.cc/5BL5-REK9］. Rhode Island has twenty-six municipal courts, which appear to handle mostly traffic.

[44] Alisa Smith et al., Rush to Judgment: How South Carolina's Summary Courts Fail to Protect Constitutional Rights （Washington, DC: National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers, 2017）, 10, https://www.nacdl.org/RushToJudgement［https://perma.cc/S5P5-HU5C］. Includes criminal and DUI cases; does not include traffic or ordinance cases. Also does not include more serious misdemeanor cases that are heard in the General Sessions Court.

[45] South Dakota Courts: State FY 2015 Annual Statistical Report of the South Dakota Unified Judicial System （Pierre: Office of the State Court Administrator, November 2015）, 3, 11, 13, https://cld.bz/mfuEl6y/22［https://perma.cc/27MZ-NGK7］. Includes 20,979 Class 1 misdemeanors（punishable by up to one year）, which includes DUI cases. There were also 112,323 Class 2 misdemeanors, punishable by up to thirty days and a ＄500 fine（S.D. Code §22-6-2）. Of those Class 2 misdemeanors, 88,747 were uncontested and processed by the clerks of court. Class 2 misdemeanors, however, appear to be almost entirely speeding or other low-level traffic offenses. See Class 2 Misdemeanor and Petty Offense Violations and Municipal Ordinance Violations Traffic Violations Summary from 07/01/2014 to 06/20/2015 （Pierre: South Dakota Unified Judicial System, July 1, 2015）, http://www.ujs.sd.gov/uploads/annual/fy2015/FY2015%20Traffic%20Violations .pdf［https://perma.cc/RD35-5K4J］（listing 110,177 traffic violations filed in FY 2015）.

[46] Extrapolated. See Annual Report of the Tennessee Judiciary Fiscal Year 2014—2015 （Nashville: Administrative Office of the Courts, 2015）, 20, http://www.tncourts.gov/sites/default/files/docs/annual_report_fy2015-1.pdf［https://perma.cc/TPT5-A48T］（reporting statewide criminal court filings without distinguishing between case types）; see also The Need for Standardized Caseload Data in Tennessee Courts （Nashville: Comptroller of the Treasury, May 2001）, i, http://www.comptroller.tn.gov/Repository/RE/judcase2001.pdf［https://perma.cc/X65B-PL7D］（noting that Tennessee does not collect caseload data from its low-level general sessions misdemeanor courts）.

[47] Average filing rate.

[48] Spreadsheet provided by AOC, on file with author. Includes fine-only nontraffic criminal misdemeanors filed in municipal and justice courts. Does not include traffic misdemeanors. See also Annual Statistical Report for the Texas Judiciary Fiscal Year 2015 （Austin: Office of Court Administration, 2015）, http://www.txcourts.gov/media/1308021/2015-ar-statistical-print.pdf［https://perma.cc/Q2K7-XN4F］.

[49] Spreadsheet provided by AOC, on file with author. Includes misdemeanors and DUIs. Seealso 2016 Annual Report to the Community: Courts Taking a Leadership Role in Reform Efforts （Salt Lake City: Utah Administrative Office of the Courts, 2015）, 25, https://www.utcourts.gov/annualreport/2016-CourtsAnnual.pdf［https://perma.cc/NG95-G2LX］.

[50] Vermont Judiciary Annual Statistical Report for FY 2015 （Montpelier: Vermont Judiciary, 2015）, 24, https://www.vermontjudiciary.org/sites/default/files/documents/FY15_Statistical_Report.pdf［https://perma.cc/6KPV-883B］.

[51] 2015 Caseload Statistics of the General District Courts （Richmond: Office of the Executive Secretary, 2015）, http://www.courts.state.va.us/courtadmin/aoc/judpln/csi/stats/district/dbr1_2015.pdf［https://perma.cc/5SFU-Q6YL］. Includes district court general misdemeanors（221,052）and traffic misdemeanors（319,140）but not traffic infractions（1.3 million）. Also includes 39,699 circuit court misdemeanor filings. Virginia State of the Judiciary Report 2015 （Richmond: Office of the Executive Secretary, 2015）, 64 and Table 8, www.courts.state.va.us/courtadmin/aoc/judpln/csi/sjr/2015/state_of_the_judiciary_report.pdf［https://perma.cc/RU98-DAZX］. In 2012, Virginia also reported 202,008 misdemeanor “processes” in magistrate courts（not included）, where some misdemeanors are resolved. Virginia 2012 State of the Judiciary Report Magistrates （Richmond: Office of the Executive Secretary, 2012）, http://www.courts.state.va.us/courtadmin/aoc/judpln/csi/stats/mag/mag_caseload_rpt_2012.pdf［https://perma.cc/W8D6-5GXZ］.

[52] Courts of Limited Jurisdiction 2015 Annual Caseload Report （Olympia: Washington Administrative Office of the Courts, 2015）, 17, http://www.courts.wa.gov/caseload/content/archive/clj/Annual/2015.pdf［https://perma.cc/JPW3-BN88］. Includes misdemeanor traffic but not traffic infractions.

[53] No longer available on the NCSC website. I obtained and printed this data when I visited the NCSC website in December 2016, when it was still available.

[54] Spreadsheet provided by the AOC, on file with author. Includes motor vehicle misdemeanors filed in magistrate court. Does not include municipal courts, which do not report to the AOC.

[55] Circuit Court Statistics 2015: Misdemeanor Disposition Summary （Madison: Wisconsin Administrative Office of the Courts, 2015）, https://www.wicourts.gov/publications/statistics/circuit/docs/misdemeanorstate15.pdf［https://perma.cc/ZE6Q-H72W］. Includes 72,623 misdemeanor cases opened in circuit court. Also includes 9,209 DWI cases disposed of in municipal court. 2015 Municipal Statistics Summary （Madison: Wisconsin Administrative Office of the Courts, 2015）, https://www.wicourts.gov/publications/statistics/municipal/docs/caseload15.pdf［https://perma.cc/HBW6-VSHL］. An additional 87,822 nontraffic cases were disposed of in municipal court.

[56] Wyoming Circuit Court Statistics FY 2015 （Cheyenne: Wyoming Administrative Office of the Court, 2015）, 4, http://www.courts.state.wy.us/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/CCFY2015 .pdf［https://perma.cc/T9EK-LUYQ］. Total includes DUIs. The Wyoming AOC does not maintain reports for its eighty-two municipal courts.

[57] Includes only caseloads for those bolded sixteen states that did not report caseloads to the NCSC.

(1) 　在向国家法院中心报告的州中，此列为国家法院中心提供的估值。在没有向其报告的州，则由本人根据美国人口普查局2015年的州人口进行估算。