注释

科学家们以评估证据为生，根据证据得出结论。我称之为“暂时”的，因为我们认为有这样一种可能性：新的数据可能会挑战现有的推理与理解。在评估已知数据的过程中，科学家们已经考虑了很多，例如实验（以及实验人员）的质量、评估审阅过程的质量，以及解释力。评估的一部分包括考虑其他的解释和矛盾的结果，并对现有数据形成（初步）的结论。很多研究结论可能会与现有知识矛盾，也可能会支持现有知识。任何一个单一研究都不可能代表全部。为了得到观点而采取的“樱桃采摘”式的做法被认为是科学的大忌之一。

这里，我引用了一些科学文章来支撑本书中的一些特定科学观点，我将它们视为支撑我观点的其中一些例子，而不是一个详尽的清单。如果有可能，在我的能力范围内，我都会广泛查阅很多科学文章，以便弄清某个观点是否结论充足；但这里，我只是列出了一些有代表性的文章。如果将我所阅读的每篇文章都列出来，我想注释部分应该会比现在长10倍。对普通读者而言，我认为列出这么长的清单并没有多大用处。

引言

XIV 每一个有意识的经历都会储存在我们大脑的某个地方

Goldinger, S. D. (1998). Echoes of echoes? An episodic theory of lexical access. Psychologial Review, 105(2), 251.

Hintzman, D. L. (1988). Judgments of frequency and recognition memory in a multiple-trace memory model. Psychological Review, 95(4), 528.

Magnussen, S., Greenlee, M. W., Aslaksen, P. M., & Kildebo, O. Ø. (2003). High-fidelity perceptual long-term memory revisted—and confirmed.(2003). Psychological Science, 14(1), 74–76.

Nadel, L., Samsonovich, A., Ryan, L., & Moscovitch, M. (2000). Multiple trace theory of human memory: computational, neuroimaging, and neuropsychological results. Hippocampus, 10(4), 352–368.

XXIII 经验开放性，责任心

Goldberg, L. R. (1993). The structure of phenotypic personality traits. American Psychologist, 48(1), 26–34, p. 26.

XXIV 用来预测许多重要的人生结局

Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. E. (1998). The validity and utility of selection methods in personnel psychology: Practical and theoretical implications of 85 years of research findings. Psychological Bulletin, 124(2), 262–274, p. 262.

XXIV 包括死亡率，寿命

Kern, M. L., & Friedman, H. S. (2008). Do conscientious individuals live longer? A quantitative review. Health Psychology, 27(5), 505–512, p. 512.

Terracciano, A., Löckenhoff, C. E., Zonderman, A. B., Ferrucci, L., & Costa, P. T. (2008). Personality predictors of longevity: Activity, emotional stability, and conscientiousness. Psychosomatic Medicine, 70(6), 621–627.

XXIV 教育程度

Hampson, S. E., Goldberg, L. R., Vogt, T. M., & Dubanoski, J. P. (2007). Mechanisms by which childhood personality traits influence adult health status: Educational attainment and healthy behaviors. Health Psychology, 26(1), 121–125, p. 121.

XXIV 职业成功相关标准

Barrick, M. R., & Mount, M. K. (1991). The big five person ality dimensions and job performance: A meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 44(1), 1–26.

Roberts, B. W., Chernyshenko, O. S., Stark, S., & Goldberg, L. R. (2005). The structure of conscientiousness: An empirical investigation based on seven major personality questionnaires. Personnel Psychology, 58(1), 103–139.

XXIV 与恢复效果关联更大

Kamran, F. (2013). Does conscientiousness increase quality of life among renal transplant recipients? International Journal of Research Studies in Psychology, 3(2), 3–13.

XXIV 儿童早期形成的责任心

Friedman, H. S., Tucker, J. S., Schwartz, J. E., Martin, L. R., Tomlinson-Keasey, C., Wingard, D. L., & Criqui, M. H. (1995). Childhood conscientiousness and longevity: Health behaviors and cause of death. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(4), 696–703, p. 696.

Friedman, H. S., Tucker, J. S., Tomlinson-Keasey, C., Schwartz, J. E., Wingard, D. L., & Criqui, M. H. (1993). Does childhood personality predict longevity? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(1), 176–185.

XXIV 日益细化和复杂

Goldberg, L. R., 个人交流. May 13, 2013.

Gurven, M., von Rueden, C., Massenkoff, M., Kaplan, H., & Lero Vie, M. (2013). How universal is the Big Five? Testing the five-factor model of personality variation among forager–farmers in the Bolivian Amazon. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104(2), 354–370.

第1章

5 满意：Simon, H. (1957). Part IV in Models of man. New York: Wiley, pp. 196–279.

6 沃伦·巴菲特的家：Nye, J.（2013年1月21）.亿万富翁沃伦·巴菲特仍然住在他于1958年以 31500美元购置的、位于奥马哈市的温暖的家中（ 《每日邮报》）。

6 1976年，超市平均拥有：Waldman, S. (1992, January 27). The tyranny of choice: Why the consumer revolution is ruining your life. The New Republic, pp. 22–25.

6 我们需要忽略商店里其他39850种物品： Trout, J. (2005, December 5). Differentiate or die. Forbes.

6 100万种物品：Knolmayer, G. F., Mertens, P., Zeier, A., & Dickersbach, J. T. (2009). Supply chain management case studies. Supply Chain Management Based on SAP Systems: Architecture and Planning Processes. Berlin: Springer, pp. 161–188.

6较差的冲动控制：Vohs, K. D., Baumeister, R. F., Schmeichel, B. J., Twenge, J. M., Nelson, N. M., & Tice, D. M. (2008). Making choices impairs subsequent self-control: A limited-resource account of decision-making, self-regulation, and active initiative. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(5), 883–898.

7 “……拥有比阿波罗任务控制器更大处理能力”：Overbye, D. (2012, June 5). Mystery of big data’s parallel universe brings fear, and a thrill. The New York Times, p. D3.

7 相当于175份新闻报纸的总和：Alleyne, R. (2011, February 11). Welcome to the information age—174 newspapers a day. The Telegraph.

Lebwohl, B. (2011, February 10). Martin Hilbert: All human information, stored on CD, would reach beyond the moon. EarthSky. 摘自 http://earthsky. org。

7 我们每天都会处理34千兆字节或10万单词：Bohn, R. E., & Short, J. E. (2010). How much information? 2009 report on American consumers (Global Information Industry Center Report). 摘自 http://hmi. ucsd. edu/。

7 原创节目时长达 85000 小时：Lyman, P., Varian, H. R., Swearingen, K., Charles, P., Good, N., Jordan, L. L., & Pal, J. (2003). How much information? 2003 (University of California at Berkeley School of Information Management Report). 摘自 http://www2. sims. berkeley. edu。

Hilbert, M. (2012). How to measure “how much information”? Theoretical, methodological, and statistical challenges for the social sciences. International Journal of Communication, 6, 1042–1055.

7 每小时上传6000小时的视频：Hardy, Q. (2014, January 8). Today’s webcams see all (tortoise, we’re watching your back).《纽约时报》, p. A1.

7 所包含的字节：Nunberg, G. (2011, March 20). James Gleick’s history of information. The New York Times Sunday Book Review, p. BR1.

8 每秒120比特：这个数字来源于米哈里·契克森米哈（2007），以及贝尔实验室工程师罗伯特·拉克。后者专门做了一项独立估算：大脑皮层每秒不能吸收超过50比特信息——这在契克森米哈的数量级范围内。契克森米哈是这样解释他的估算的：“正如乔治·米勒和其他人所说的那样，我们每一个感官可以处理5~7比特信息；每个感官至少占用每秒的1/15；因此7×15 =105比特/秒。努斯鲍姆曾计算过，理解口头材料的速度为平均60比特/秒。”

Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Nakamura, J. (2010). Effortless attention in everyday life: A systematic phenomenology. In B. Bruya (Ed.), Effortless attention: A new perspective in the cognitive science of attention and action (pp. 179-189). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2007, May). Music and optimal experience. In G. Turow (Chair), Music, rhythm and the brain. Symposium conducted at the meeting of The Stanford Institute for Creativity and the Arts, Center for Arts, Science and Technology, Stanford, CA.

Csikszentmihalyi, M.,个人交流, November 8, 2013.

Lucky, R. (1989). Silicon dreams: Information, man, and machine. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press.

Rajman, M., & Pallota, V. (2007). Speech and language engineering (Computer and Communication Sciences). Lausanne, Switzerland: EPFL Press.

8 那么多的误会： Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2007, May). Music and optimal experience. In G. Turow (Chair), Music, rhythm and the brain. Symposium conducted at the meeting of The Stanford Institute for Creativity and the Arts, Center for Arts, Science and Technology, Stanford, CA.

显然，我们是有目的地追求音乐的。音乐具有和声的结构，在不影响其易懂性的情况下，人们可以同时弹奏多种音乐，所以，音乐才成为少数我们可以一次性关注至少两个人的特例。

9 陆地脊椎动物生物： Dennett, D. C. (2009). The cultural evolution of words and other thinking tools. In Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 74, 435–441.

MacCready P. (1999). An ambivalent Luddite at a technological feast. 摘自 http:// www. designfax. net/ archives/ 0899/ 899trl_ 2. Asp。

13 无意视盲：Mack, A., & Rock, I. (1998). Inattentional blindness. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

14 大猩猩研究：Chabris, C. F., & Simons, D. J. (2011). The invisible gorilla: And other ways our intuitions deceive us. New York: Penguin Random House.

14 康德和华兹华斯抱怨： Blair, A. M. (2010). Too much to know: Managing scholarly information before the modern age. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

14 分类减少脑力劳动： 直接摘自Rosch, E. (1978). Principles of categorization. In E. Rosch & B. B. Lloyd (Eds.), Cognition and categorization (pp. 27–48). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

15 在人类历史早期99%的时间里：直接摘自Bryson, B. (2010). At home: A short history of private life. New York, NY: Doubleday, p. 34.

15 前所未有的商业交易数目：几乎直接引自Wright, A. (2008). Glut: Mastering information through the ages. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, p. 49.

15 书面文字最早形式 Childe, V. G. (1951). Man makes himself. New York, NY: New American Library.

15 起源于商业销售单据： 直接引自Wright, A. (2008). Glut: Mastering information through the ages. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, p. 49.

15以及所有我们认为属于文明的事物： 引自 Bryson, B. (2010). At home: A short history of private life. New York, NY: Doubleday, p. 34.

16 “减弱人的特质……”：Wright, A. (2008). Glut: Mastering information through the ages. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, p. 6.

16 埃及神王泰姆斯认为：Postman, N. (1993). Technopoly: The surrender of culture to technology. New York, NY: Vintage, p. 74. 也许泰姆斯预示了乔治·奥威尔时期，当时，为了与政府多变的官方观点保持一致，文本总是被不停编辑或清除。

16 卡利马科斯曾经将书籍比喻为“伟大的恶魔”： Blair, A. M. (2010). Too much to know: Managing scholarly information before the modern age. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, p. 17.

16 塞内加加议： 布莱尔(2010), p. 15。

16 “愚蠢、无知、恶俗……”： 布莱尔(2010)。

16 “回归野蛮”： 布莱尔 (2010)。

16 “即使所有的知识都可以在书本上被找到……”： Blair, A. M. (2010). Too much to know: Managing scholarly information before the modern age. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 就这个话题，你还可以参阅 Queenan, J. (2013). One for the books. New York, NY: Viking.

17这些警告在我们的有生之年又再次被提出……电视机：Greenstein, J. (1954). Effect of television upon elementary school grades. The Journal of Educational Research, 48(3), 161–176.

Maccoby, E. E. (1951). Television: Its impact on school children. Public Opinion Quarterly, 15(3), 421–444.

Scheuer, J. (1992). The sound bite society. New England Review, 14(4), 264–267.

Witty, P. (1950). Children’s, parents’ and teachers’ reactions to television. Elementary English, 27(6), 349–355, p. 396.

17 这些警告在我们的有生之年又再次被提出……电脑： Cromie, W. J. (1999, January 21). Computer addiction is coming on-line. Harvard Gazette.

Shaffer, H. J., Hall, M. N., & Vander Bilt, J. (2000). “Computer addiction”: A critical consideration. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 70(2), 162–168.

17这些警告在我们的有生之年又再次被提出 …… iPod：Cockrill, A., Sullivan, M., & Norbury, H. L. (2011). Music consumption: Lifestyle choice or addiction. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 18(2), 160–166.

McFedries, P. (2005). Technically speaking: The iPod people. IEEE Spectrum, 42(2), 76.

Norbury, H. L. (2008). A study of Apple’s iPod: iPod addiction: Does it exist? (Master’s thesis). Swansea University, Wales.

17 这些警告在我们的有生之年又再次被提出…… iPad：Aldridge, G. (2013, April 21). Girl aged four is Britain’s youngest-known iPad addict. Daily Mirror.

Smith, J. L. (2013, December 28). Switch off— it’s time for your digital detox. The Telegraph.

17 这些警告在我们的有生之年又再次被提出……电子邮件：Lincoln, A. (2011). FYI: TMI: Toward a holistic social theory of information overload. First Monday 16( 3).

Taylor, C. (2002, June 3). 12 steps for e-mail addicts. Time.

17这些警告在我们的有生之年又再次被提出……推特：Hemp, P. (2009). Death by information overload. Harvard Business Review, 87(9), 82–89.

Khang, H., Kim, J. K., & Kim, Y. (2013). Self-traits and motivations as antecedents of digital media flow and addiction: The Internet, mobile phones, and video games. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(6), 2416–2424.

Saaid, S. A., Al-Rashid, N. A. A., & Abdullah, Z. (2014). The impact of addiction to Twitter among university students. In J. J. Park, I. Stojmenovic, M. Choi, & F. Xhafa (Eds.), Lecture notes in electrical engineering Vol. 276: Future information technology (pp. 231–236). Springer.

17这些警告在我们的有生之年又再次被提出……脸书：Pinker, S. (2010, June 11). Mind over mass media. The New York Times, p. A31.

Saenz, A. (2011, December 13). How social media is ruining your mind. 检索自http://singularityhub.com.

17 截至1623，这一数字： 摘自Brian Ogilvie, in Blair, A. M. (2010). Too much to know: Managing scholarly information before the modern age. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, p. 12.

17 9000 种草类：美国农业部，摘自 www. usda. Gov。

17 2700种棕榈树：仙童热带植物园，科勒尔盖布尔斯，佛罗里达州（2011）。

17 这一数字仍在增长：Jowit, J. (2010, September 19). Scientists prune list of world’s plants. The Guardian.

Headrick, D. R. (2000). When information came of age: Technologies of knowledge in the age of reason and revolution, 1700–1850. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, p. 20.

17至少增加了3000：鱿鱼的神经系统 （2012年2月8日）；搜索引擎：谷歌学术；摘自 http:// scholar. google. com。

备注：在本书的编写与出版期间，这一数字增加到了58600篇研究文章。

17 5艾字节（5 × 1018）新信息： Lyman, P., Varian, H. R., Swearingen, K.,

Charles, P., Good, N., Jordan, L. L., & Pal, J. (2003). How much information? 2003 (University of California at Berkeley School of Information Management Report). 摘自 http://www2. sims. berkeley. edu

17 50000倍Wright, A. (2008). Glut: Mastering information through the ages. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, p. 6.

19 这一警觉系统： 在科学文献中，这通常被称为显著性的网络或定向系统。

19 只关注相关的事物：在科学文献中，这常被称为自上而下的处理，尤其是警觉系统。

21 影子工作： Illich, I. (1981). Shadow work. London, UK: Marion Boyars.

Lambert, C. (2011, October 30). Our unpaid, extra shadow work. The New York Times, p. SR12.

22 更换一次手机： Manjoo, F. (2014, March 13). A wild idea: Making our smartphones last longer. The New York Times, p. B1.

22 旧菜单的新位置：这并没有发生在我们的祖先身上。你的祖父母学会了用纸笔写字，也许还有打字。但几百年来纸笔这种媒介一直不曾改变。你的爷爷不会每隔几年就使用新的笔，也不会在新的材料表面写字。

22 更好地选择管理者：Turner, C. (1987). Organizing information: Principles and practice. London, UK: Clive Bingley, p. 2.

27 四至九个月大的婴儿： Baillargeon, R., Spelke, E. S., & Wasserman, S. (1985). Object permanence in five-month-old infants. Cognition, 20(3), 191–208.

Munakata, Y., McClelland, J. L., Johnson, M. H., & Siegler, R. S. (1997). Rethinking infant knowledge: Toward an adaptive process account of successes and failures in object permanence tasks. Psychological Review, 104(4), 686–713.

28 沟通这些系统： Levinson, S. C. (2012). Kinship and human thought. Science, 336(6084), 988–989.

28 我们的星球上有6000种语言：Levinson, S. C. (2012). Kinship and human thought. Science, 336(6084), 988–989.

28 但对许多其他语言而言，这都是不成立的：Trautmann, T. R. (2008). Lewis Henry Morgan and the invention of kinship. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.

30 日本鹌鹑：Wilson, G. D. (1987). Variant sexuality: Research and theory. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

31 植物的命名模式： Atran, S. (1990). Cognitive foundations of natural history: Towards an anthropology of science. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

36 “对一切事物的用途都感到好奇……”： Atran, S. (1990). Cognitive foundations of natural history: Towards an anthropology of science. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, p. 216.

37 30000种可食用植物： Bryson, B. (2010). At home: A short history of private life. New York, NY: Doubleday, p. 37.

第2章

43但一个字也没看进去： Schooler, J. W., Reichle, E. D., & Halpern, D. V. (2004). Zoning out while reading: Evidence for dissociations between experience and metaconsciousness. In D. T. Levin (Ed.), Thinking and seeing: Visual metacognition in adults and children (pp. 203–226). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

43白日梦模式或神游模式： 尤其对脑岛. Menon, V., & Uddin, L. Q. (2010). Saliency, switching, attention and control: A network model of insula function. Brain Structure and Function, 214( 5–6), 655–667.

Andrews-Hanna, J. R., Reidler, J. S., Sepulcre, J., Poulin, R., & Buckner, R. L. (2010). Functional-anatomic fractionation of the brain’s default network. Neuron, 65(4), 550–562.

D’Argembeau, A., Collette, F., Van der Linden, M., Laureys, S., Del Fiore, G., Degueldre, C., . . . Salmon, E. (2005). Self-referential reflective activity and its relationship with rest: A PET study. NeuroImage, 25(2), 616–624.

Gusnard, D. A., & Raichle, M. E. (2001). Searching for a baseline: Func-tional imaging and the resting human brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2(10), 685–694.

Jack, A. I., Dawson, A. J., Begany, K. L., Leckie, R. L., Barry, K. P., Ciccia, A. H., & Snyder, A. Z. (2013). fMRI reveals reciprocal inhibition between social and physical cognitive domains. NeuroImage, 66, 385–401.

Kelley, W. M., Macrae, C. N., Wyland, C. L., Caglar, S., Inati, S., & Heatherton, T. F. (2002). Finding the self? An event-related fMRI study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 14(5), 785–794.

Raichle, M. E., MacLeod, A. M., Snyder, A. Z., Powers, W. J., Gusnard, D. A., & Shulman, G. L. (2001). A default mode of brain function. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 98(2), 676–682.

Wicker, B., Ruby, P., Royet, J. P., & Fonlupt, P. (2003). A relation between rest and the self in the brain? Brain Research Reviews, 43(2), 224–230.

备注：需要机械推理或专注于物体的任务会激活我们大脑的任务专注模式或中央执行网络。

43这就是白日梦模式：Raichle, M. E., MacLeod, A. M., Snyder, A. Z., Pow-ers, W. J., Gusnard, D. A., & Shulman, G. L. (2001). A default mode of brain function. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 98(2), 676–682.

44 默认模式：Raichle, M. E., MacLeod, A. M., Snyder, A. Z., Powers, W. J., Gusnard, D. A., & Shulman, G. L. (2001). A default mode of brain function. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 98(2), 676–682.

44 神游模式： 在科学文献中，我所说的神游模式都是指预设模式或负任务网络；中央执行模式指正任务网络。

44 这两种大脑状态形成了阴阳两极

Binder, J. R., Frost, J. A., Hammeke, T. A., Bellgowan, P. S., Rao, S. M., & Cox, R. W. (1999). Conceptual processing during the conscious resting state: A functional MRI study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 11(1), 80–93.

Corbetta, M., Patel, G., & Shulman, G. (2008). The reorienting system of the human brain: From environment to theory of mind. Neuron, 58(3), 306–324.

Fox, M. D., Snyder, A. Z., Vincent, J. L., Corbetta, M., Van Essen, D. C., & Raichle, M. E. (2005). The human brain is intrinsically organized into dynamic, anticorrelated functional networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102(27), 9673–9678.

Mazoyer, B., Zago, L., Mellet, E., Bricogne, S., Etard, O., Houde, O., . . . Tzourio-Mazoyer, N. (2001). Cortical networks for working memory and executive functions sustain the conscious resting state in man. Brain Research Bulletin, 54(3), 287–298.

Shulman, G. L., Fiez, J. A., Corbetta, M., Buckner, R. L., Miezin, F. M., Raichle, M. E., & Petersen, S. E. (1997). Common blood flow changes across visual tasks: II. Decreases in cerebral cortex. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 9(5), 648–663.

44大脑神游网络被压抑得越多：Menon, V., & Uddin, L. Q. (2010). Saliency, switching, attention and control: A network model of insula function. Brain Structure and Function, 214( 5–6), 655–667.

44 注意力过滤器：为了更清楚、简约地说明问题，我在这里说明一下，神经科学文献考虑了三种不同的系统：过滤器本身，显著性检测器（也被称为定向系统或重新定位系统），以及警报或警觉模式。对神经科学家而言，它们之间的差别是很重要的，但对非专业人士而言，这一点也不重要。

44神游模式是一种网络：Greicius, M. D., Krasnow, B., Reiss, A. L., & Menon, V. (2003). Functional connectivity in the resting brain: A network analysis of the default mode hypothesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100(1), 253–258.

47 这种转换机制是由大脑中的脑岛所控制：Sridharan, D., Levitin, D. J., & Menon, V. (2008). A critical role for the right fronto-insular cortex in switching between central-executive and default-mode networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(34), 12569–12574.

脑岛也参与了注意力，因为它有助于调节身体与情感冲动。冲动通常是动态平衡缺失的信号，我们尤其需要注意这一点——例如，渴了或饿了就是明显的例子，或渴望蛋白或处于较冷的环境。但持续的关注，要求我们抑制这些冲动。我们有些人比其他人更擅长这个——对某些人来说，他们能够集中注意力，压制身体的不舒适；但对其他人而言，冲动战胜了一切，最终我们只能在冰箱上粘贴各种各样的提示。脑岛有助于平衡这些相互竞争的需求，它的一部分职责是当重要的冲动产生时，能够给意识发送信号。脑岛损伤的人更容易戒烟——因为冲动没有被向上传递到意识。

Naqvi, N. H., Rudrauf, D., Damasio, H., & Bechara, A. (2007). Damage to the insula disrupts addiction to cigarette smoking. Science, 315(5811), 531–534.

47外部两个物体之间的转换需要颞–顶枢纽的短暂参与：Corbetta, M., Patel, G., & Shulman, G. L. (2008). The reorienting system of the human brain: From environment to theory of mind. Neuron, 58(3), 306–324.

Shulman, G. L., & Corbetta, M. (2014). Two attentional networks: Identification and function within a larger cognitive architecture. In M. Posner (Ed.), The cognitive neuroscience of attention (2nd ed.) (pp. 113–128). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

其他观点，你还可以参见 Geng, J. J., & Vossel, S. (2013). Re-evaluating the role of TPJ in attentional control: Contextual updating? Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 37(10), 2608–2620.

47 就像跷跷板: Meyer, M. L., Spunt, R. P., Berkman, E. T., Taylor, S. E., & Lieberman, M. D. (2012). Evidence for social working memory from a parametric functional MRI study. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(6), 1883–1888.

50 丹尼尔·丹尼特认为: Dennett, D. C. (1991). Consciousness explained. New York, NY: Little, Brown and Company.

51 通常一次最多只能容纳4~5件事情：长达几十年来，我们一直接受的是乔治·米勒于1956年发现的经典：注意力限制在7±2项，现在，这一观点已经让位当代神经科学的观点精确到仅仅只有4件事物。

Cowan, N. (2009). Capacity limits and consciousness. In T. Baynes, A. Cleeremans, & P. Wilken (Eds.), Oxford companion to consciousness (pp. 127–130). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Cowan, N. (2010). The magical mystery four: How is working memory capacity limited, and why? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19(1), 51–57.

51 人类注意力系统由4个部分组成： 认知神经学家识别了第五大部分，警告模式或警觉模式。这从概念上与注意力过滤器有所不同，但出于讨论的目的，我把它视为一种特殊的任务模式，人们在任务中保持搜索或警惕。

当你保持警觉的时候，你会处于这种状态——休息状态被一种新的状态取代，这涉及准备检测，响应预期的信号。当我们等待电话响起的时候，等待交通灯变绿的时候，等待另一只鞋子掉下来的时候，我们都会这样做。它的特征是警觉度、感官灵敏度、觉醒度水平都较高。

51神游模式调动前……神经元：Menon, V., & Uddin, L. Q. (2010). Saliency, switching, attention and control: A network model of insula function. Brain Structure and Function, 214( 5–6), 655–667.

52 大量连接……的纤维：Corbetta, M., Patel, G., & Shulman, G. L. (2008). The reorienting system of the human brain: From environment to theory of mind. Neuron, 58(3), 306–324.

52 抑制性神经递质GABA：Kapogiannis, D., Reiter, D. A., Willette, A. A., & Mattson, M. P. (2013). Posteromedial cortex glutamate and GABA predict intrinsic functional connectivity of the default mode network. NeuroImage, 64, 112–119.

52 （基因名为COMT）： Baldinger, P., Hahn, A., Mitterhauser, M., Kranz, G. S., Friedl, M., Wadsak, W., . . . Lanzenberger, R. (2013). Impact of COMT genotype on serotonin-1A receptor binding investigated with PET. Brain Structure and Function, 1–12.

52 血清素转运体基因SLC6A4： Bachner-Melman, R., Dina, C., Zohar, A. H., Constantini, N., Lerer, E., Hoch, S., . . . Ebstein, R. P. (2005). AVPR1a and SLC6A4 gene polymorphisms are associated with creative dance performance. PLoS Genetics, 1(3), e42.

52 右前额皮层的乙酰胆碱：Howe, W. M., Berry, A. S., Francois, J., Gilmour, G., Carp, J. M., Tricklebank, M., . . . Sarter, M. (2013). Prefrontal cholinergic mechanisms instigating shifts from monitoring for cues to cue-guided performance: Converging electrochemical and fMRI evidence from rats and humans. The Journal of Neuroscience, 33(20), 8742–8752.

Sarter, M., Givens, B., & Bruno, J. P. (2001). The cognitive neuroscience of sustained attention: Where top-down meets bottom-up. Brain Research Reviews, 35(2), 146–160.

Sarter, M., & Parikh, V. (2005). Choline transporters, cholinergic transmission and cognition. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 6(1), 48–56.

52 大脑中乙酰胆碱的密度变化很快：Howe, W. M., Berry, A. S., Francois, J., Gilmour, G., Carp, J. M., Tricklebank, M., . . . Sarter, M. (2013). Prefrontal cholinergic mechanisms instigating shifts from monitoring for cues to cue-guided performance: Converging electrochemical and fMRI evidence from rats and humans. The Journal of Neuroscience, 33(20), 8742–8752.

52 乙酰胆碱也起着一定的睡眠作用： Sarter, M., & Bruno, J. P. (1999). Cortical cholinergic inputs mediating arousal, attentional processing and dreaming: Differential afferent regulation of the basal forebrain by telencephalic and brainstem afferents. Neuroscience, 95(4), 933–952.

53 乙酰胆碱和去甲肾上腺素：扎尔特，M，私人交谈。2013年12月23日。

53 尼古丁可以提高信号的检测率： Witte, E. A., Davidson, M. C., & Marrocco, R. T. (1997). Effects of altering brain cholinergic activity on covert orienting of attention: Comparison of monkey and human performance. Psychopharmacology, 132(4), 324–334.

53与扣带也紧密相连：Menon, V., & Uddin, L. Q. (2010). Saliency, switching, attention and control: A network model of insula function. Brain Structure and Function, 214( 5–6), 655–667.

53 注意力过滤器包含一个重要的警示系统： 在大多数非科学文献中都称为警示系统, Posner, M. I. (2012). Attention in a social world. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

54 某些药物，如胍法辛：Marrocco, R. T., & Davidson, M. C. (1998). Neurochemistry of attention. In R. Parasuraman (Ed.), The attentive brain (pp. 35–50). Cam-bridge, MA: MIT Press.

不同观点请参见 Clerkin, S. M., Schulz, K. P., Halperin, J. M., Newcorn, J. H., Ivanov, I., Tang, C. Y., & Fan, J. (2009). Guanfacine potentiates the activation of prefrontal cortex evoked by warning signals. Biological Psychiatry, 66(4), 307–312.

54 受去甲肾上腺素和皮质醇（应激激素）管辖：Hermans, E. J., van Marle, H. J., Ossewaarde, L., Henckens, M. J., Qin, S., van Kesteren, M. T., . . . Fernández, G. (2011). Stress-related noradrenergic activity prompts large-scale neural network reconfiguration. Science, 334(6059), 1151–1153.

Frodl-Bauch, T., Bottlender, R., & Hegerl, U. (1999). Neurochemical sub-strates and neuroanatomical generators of the event-related P300. Neuropsychobiology, 40(2), 86–94.

54 高浓度多巴胺：here Dang, L. C., O’Neil, J. P., & Jagust, W. J. (2012). Dopamine supports coupling of attention-related networks. The Journal of Neuroscience, 32(28), 9582–9587.

54 去甲肾上腺素系统的进化由来已久：Corbetta, M., Patel, G., & Shulman, G. L. (2008). The reorienting system of the human brain: From environment to theory of mind. Neuron, 58(3), 306–324.

55 “我们的墙壁上塞满了各种各样的书……”： Wegner, D. M. (1987). Transactive memory: A contemporary analysis of the group mind. In B. Mullen & G. R. Goethals (Eds.), Theories of group behavior (pp. 185–208). New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, p. 187.

55学生们在手上写满考试答案：Wegner, D. M. (1987). Transactive memory: A contemporary analysis of the group mind. In B. Mullen & G. R. Goethals (Eds.), Theories of group behavior (pp. 185–208). New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, p. 187.

56 “记忆并不可靠……”： Harper, J. (Writer). (2011). Like a redheaded stepchild [television series episode]. In B. Heller (Executive producer), The Mentalist (Season 3, Episode 21). Los Angeles, CA: CBS Television.

57记忆的另一个问题在于可以被改写：Diekelmann, S., Büchel, C., Born, J., & Rasch, B. (2011). Labile or stable: Opposing consequences for memory when reactivated during waking and sleep. Nature Neuroscience, 14(3), 381–386.

Nader, K., Schafe, G. E., & LeDoux, J. E. (2000). Reply—Reconsolidation: The labile nature of consolidation theory. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 1(3), 216–219.

60 即使是美国总统乔治·布什也错误地认为 Greenberg, D. L. (2004). President Bush’s false [flashbulb] memory of 9/ 11/ 01. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 18(3), 363–370.

Talarico, J. M., & Rubin, D. C. (2003). Confidence, not consistency, characterizes flashbulb memories. Psychological Science, 14(5), 455–461.

61 但它没有第一个词语记得牢：某些情况下，第一和最后一项都能同样被我们很好地记住；某些情况下，最后一项比第一项记忆得更好。这种差异取决于两大变量：表单有多长；当你看到这些项目的时候，你是否复述了它。如果表单很长，你也不进行复述，那么首因效应会减弱。如果表单很短，你又进行了复述，那么首因效应会比近因效应更明显。因为你先前看到的项目会比你之后看到的项目接收到更多的复述与解码。

62 另一半人：Loftus, E. F., & Palmer, J. C. (1974). Reconstruction of automobile destruction: An example of the interaction between language and memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 13(5), 585–589.

62一种不稳定的状态： Nader, K., & Hardt, O. (2009). A single standard for memory: The case for reconsolidation. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10(3), 224–234.

62 “…… 下一次打开这段记忆”： Perry, B. D., & Szalavitz, M. (2006). The boy who was raised as a dog and other stories from a child psychiatrist’s notebook: What traumatized children can teach us about loss, love, and healing. New York, NY: Basic Books, p. 156.

63最经常使用的自然词汇： Rosch, E. (1978). Principles of categorization. In E. Rosch & B. B. Lloyd (Eds.), Cognition and categorization (pp. 27–48). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

65可以追溯到亚里士多德：Irwin, T. H. (1988). Aristotle’s first principles. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

MacNamara, J. (1999). Through the rearview mirror: Historical reflections on psychology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, p. 33.

Vogt, K. (2010). Ancient skepticism. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy (Winter 2011 ed.). 摘自 http://plato. stanford. edu / entries/ skepticism-ancient/。

70尾状核区的丘脑环路： Maddox, T. (2013, January). Talk presented at the Seventh Annual Meeting of the Auditory Cognitive Neuroscience Society, Tucson, AZ.

70 系统分类：Ross, B. H., & Murphy, G. L. (1999). Food for thought: Cross-classification and category organization in a complex real-world domain. Cognitive Psychology, 38(4), 495–553.

70 连接本身就是一种学习： Seung, S. (2012). Connectome: How the brain’s wiring makes us who we are. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

71大脑中的特定区域 ：尽管大脑活动准确区域是因人而异的，但在人个体内部，这种状态是稳定的，限制在大脑中的特定区域。

73 什么是游戏：Wittgenstein, L. (2010). Philosophical investigations. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.

75 拿着笔、笔记本或者便条做笔记：这并不奇怪，多数人都愿意自己的名字出现在这本书中，但名单还是包括了几位诺贝尔奖得主、著名科学家、艺术家和作家、《财富》500强CEO，以及各国政要。

76 “随身带着一个石碑和凿子”： Sandberg, S. (2013, March 17). By the book: Sheryl Sandberg. The New York Times Sunday Book Review, p. BR8.

76 “你的大脑会提醒你……” ：Allen, D. (2008). Making it all work: Winning at the game of work and business of life. New York, NY: Penguin, p. 35.

77 “如果一项任务只在大脑中有记录……”： Allen, D. (2002). Getting things done: The art of stress-free productivity. New York, NY: Penguin, p. 15.

77 “你必须确定……” ：Allen, D. (2002). Getting things done: The art of stress-free productivity. New York, NY: Penguin.

78 “当信息都被写进小的数据块时……”： Pirsig, R. (1991). Lila: An inquiry into morals. New York, NY: Bantam.

80 “他不需要问……”： Pirsig, R. (1991). Lila: An inquiry into morals. New York, NY: Bantam.

81 有了索引卡的帮忙，我们可以分类，再分类： 假设你今天需要给10个人打电话。你需要将每个人的名字与电话号码都写在卡片上，上面还得写一些你需要探讨的内容的备注。在你打第二个电话的过程中，你了解到一个关于第10个人的一些时间敏感的问题。你只需要将卡片拿出，将它放在最上面。你的购物清单呢？根据期望拿到东西的时间，你可以将卡片放在一摞。但某一天，你突然间开车到了杂物店附近，就可以将这些卡片拿出来放在顶上。

83 保罗·西蒙会随身携带一个笔记本： 西蒙，P.，个人交流。 2013年9月19日，纽约。

83 约翰·R. 皮尔斯：皮尔斯, J. R.,个人交流. 1999年1月3日,帕洛阿尔托，加拿大。

83 马克·吐温、托马斯·杰斐逊和乔治·卢卡斯：McKay, B., & McKay, K. (2010, September 13). The pocket notebooks of 20 famous men [Web log message].摘自http://www.artofmanliness.com/2010/09/13/the-pocket-notebooks-of-20-famous-men/。

第3章

88 各种各样我们今天不再食用的食物： Bryson, B. (2010). At home: A short history of private life. New York, NY: Doubleday, pp. 52–53.

Steyn, P. (2011). Changing times, changing palates: The dietary impacts of Basuto adaptation to new rulers, crops, and markets, 1830s–1966. In C. Folke Ax, N. Brimnes, N. T. Jensen, & K. Oslund (Eds.), Cultivating the colonies: Colonial states and their environmental legacies (pp. 214–236). Columbus, OH: Ohio University Press.

Hopkins, J. (2004). Extreme cuisine: The weird & wonderful foods that people eat. North Clarendon, VT: Tuttle Publishing.

88 主人会告诉仆人们：Bryson, B. (2010). At home: A short history of private life. New York, NY: Doubleday, p. 80.

88 直到1600年： Bryson, B. (2010). At home: A short history of private life. New York, NY: Doubleday, pp. 56–61.

88 2260件看得见的物品：Arnold, J. E., Graesch, A. P., Ragazzini, E., & Ochs, E. (2012). Life at home in the twenty-first century: 32 families open their doors. Los Angeles, CA: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press at UCLA.

Segerstrom, S. C., & Miller, G. E. (2004). Psychological stress and the human immune system: a meta-analytic study of 30 years of inquiry. Psychological Bulletin, 130(4), 601–630.

88废弃的旧家具：直接摘自 Kolbert, E. (2012, July 2). Spoiled rotten. The New Yorker.

88 3/4的美国人都认为：Teitell, B. (2012, July 10). Boxed in, wanting out. The Boston Globe.

88 女性的皮质醇水平（应激激素）：spike Green, P. (2012, June 28). The way we live: Drowning in stuff. The New York Times, p. D2.

88 皮质醇水平升高会导致： Kirschbaum, C., Wolf, O. T., May, M., Wippich, W., & Hellhammer, D. H. (1996). Stress-and treatment-induced elevations of cortisol levels associated with impaired declarative memory in healthy adults. Life Sciences, 58(17), 1475–1483.

Lupien, S. J., Nair, N. P. V., Brière, S., Maheu, F., Tu, M. T., Lemay, Μ., . . . Meaney, M. J. (1999). Increased cortisol levels and impaired cognition in human aging: Implication for depression and dementia in later life. Reviews in the Neurosciences, 10(2), 117–140.

Melamed, S., Ugarten, U., Shirom, A., Kahana, L., Lerman, Y., & Froom, P. (1999). Chronic burnout, somatic arousal and elevated salivary cortisol levels. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 46(6), 591–598.

88 抑制人体的免疫系统： Maule, A. G., Schreck, C. B., & Kaattari, S. L. (1987). Changes in the immune system of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) during the parr-to-smolt transformation and after implantation of cortisol. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 44(1), 161–166.

92 都会在同一个性别分类：裤子进一步的分类可能包括喇叭裤、裤脚套鞋面的、暗扣的、拉链拉开的、预先洗涤的、酸洗的等。这与文件夹逻辑一样，取决于总项数。如果商店备有大量现货，那么按照我所描述的方式进行分类就是有意义的。但是，如果你去一家小型的时装店，他们可能只会按照尺寸进行6种分类。

92兰蔻提供货架： 2013年12月30日11:15，专访旧金山（联合广场）梅西百货MAC柜台代理（她的名字将被匿名，因为她没有被授权代表公司发言）。这在经理接受我的采访时得到了证实。

93 提供最多的信息：Rosch, E. (1978). Principles of categorization. In E. Rosch & B. B. Lloyd (Eds.), Cognition and categorization (pp. 27–48). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

94 他的海马体：Lavenex, P., Steele, M. A., & Jacobs, L. F. (2000). Sex differences, but no seasonal variations in the hippocampus of food-caching squirrels: A stereological study. The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 425(1), 152–166.

94 伦敦出租车司机都需要： Harrison, L. (2012, August 6). Taxi drivers and the importance of ‘The Knowledge’. The Telegraph.

No GPS! Aspiring London taxi drivers memorize a tangle of streets [Video file]. (2013, April 11). NBC News. 摘自 www. nbcnews. com。

94伦敦出租车司机大脑中的海马体：Maguire, E. A., Frackowiak, R. S. J., & Frith, C. D. (1997). Recalling routes around London: Activation of the right hippocampus in taxi drivers. The Journal of Neuroscience, 17(18), 7103–7110.

Maguire, E. A., Gadian, D. G., Johnsrude, I. S., Good, C. D., Ashburner, J., Frackowiak, R. S. J., & Frith, C. D. (2000). Navigation-related structural change in the hippocampi of taxi drivers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 97(8), 4398–4403.

Maguire, E. A., Woollett, K., & Spiers, H. J. (2006). London taxi drivers and bus drivers: A structural MRI and neuropsychological analysis. Hippocampus, 16(12), 1091–1101.

94 海马体中存在着专用细胞：Deng, W., Mayford, M., & Gage, F. H. (2013). Selection of distinct populations of dentate granule cells in response to inputs as a mechanism for pattern separation in mice. eLife, 2, e00312.

94 最著名的记忆系统： Foer, J. (2011). Moonwalking with Einstein: The art and science of remem-bering everything. New York, NY: Penguin.

94 认知假肢： Kosslyn, S. M., & Miller, G. W. (2013, October 18). A new map of how we think: Top brain/ bottom brain. The Wall Street Journal.

94 日瓦戈医生： 琼尼·米切尔回忆说，“我记得当我第一次看到这部电影时的场景。当然，我喜欢摄影、故事和服装。但是，当朱莉·克里斯蒂走进她家的前门，把钥匙放在一个钩上，我想‘我可以从中学到一些东西’。她把她的钥匙放在不会丢失的位置”。米切尔，J.，个人交流。 2013年10月4日。

95 [未命名钥匙钩图片]：2014年1月 23日, 摘自http:// www. keanmiles. com/ key-holder. html. Item can also be found at http:// www.moderngent. com/ j-me/ his hers keyholders. php。

96 “我会忘记其他很多东西……”： Dominus, S. (2014, January 26). My moves speak for themselves. The New York Times Sunday Magazine, p. MM10.

96 把雨伞放在门附近：柯斯林，S.，个人交流，2013年8月。

97 如果雨伞一直在门口： 根据相同的规则，效率专家建议我们将东西放置在我们所习惯的需要的位置。

98 “我不想浪费精力……”： 2012年9月7日，不列颠哥伦比亚省，个人交流。

98 斯蒂芬·斯蒂尔的家庭工作室：2013年1月3日与作者交谈。

99 迈克尔·杰克逊会一丝不苟地收拾：Logan, L. (Writer). (2013). Michael Jackson’s lucrative legacy [television series episode]. In J. Fagar (Executive producer), 60 Minutes. New York, NY: CBS News.

99 约翰·列侬保管着一箱又一箱的磁带：Ono, Yoko (January 18, 1988). Lost Lennon Tapes Premiere Show. (Interview). Westwood One Radio Network.

99可能接近4： Cowan, N. (2010). The magical mystery four: How is working memory capacity limited, and why? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19(1), 51–57.

Cowan, N. (2009). Capacity limits and consciousness. In T. Bayne, A. Cleeremans & P. Wilken (Eds.), Oxford companion to consciousness (pp. 127–130). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

100 他们需要控制：直接摘自Allen, D. (2008). Making it all work: Winning at the game of work and the business of life. New York, NY: Penguin, p. 18.

100 让经常用的东西更显眼：Norman, D. (2013). The design of everyday things: Revised and expanded edition. New York, NY: Basic Books.

100 组织你的生存空间： 组织货架和抽屉的四项认知指导原则：让经常使用的对象变得可见，或者至少是随手可得，同时把不经常使用的对象单独放置，让它们不至于互相干扰；把类似的东西放在一起；将一起使用的东西放在一起，即使它们不类似；如果可能的话，进行分层。

101 酒瓶的摆放：几乎直接摘自穆考斯基·S.（康奈尔学院酒店管理教授），个人交流， 2013年5月2日。

101 肯塔基州列克星敦的一间酒吧：几乎直接摘自Mutkoski，S.（康奈尔学院酒店管理教授），个人交流，2013年5月2日。

104为了某个考试……的学生：Farnsworth, P. R. (1934). Examinations in familiar and unfamiliar surroundings. The Journal of Social Psychology, 5(1), 128–129.

Smith, S. M. (1979). Remembering in and out of context. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 5(5), 460–471, p. 460.

Smith, S. M., & Vela, E. (2001). Environmental context-dependent memory: A review and meta-analysis. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 8(2), 203–220.

105 大脑的设计结构决定：我在这里使用了更宽泛的设计的概念；大脑并不是设计的，而是特定目的处理模块的集合。

107 牛津归档供应公司于1941年取得专利：Jonas, F. D. (1942)所有.美国专利号No. 2305710 A.东威利斯顿，美国纽约专利与商标办公室. 与乔纳斯以及牛津相关的专利号还包括：US2935204, 2312717, 2308077, 2800907, 3667854, 2318077, and many others.

108 你可以有类似这样的分类：Creel, R. (2013). How to set up an effective filing system. Smead Corporation. 摘自 http:// www. smead. com/ hot-topics/ filing-system -1396. asp。

美国环保局(2012).记录管理工具. 摘自 http://www. epa. Gov。

108对于那些经常用到的文档： 另一方面，不常用的文档不值得你耗费这种水平的注意力。当需要报修时，你可能会保管某些家电的发票。如果你的经历告诉你，这种家电并不总是会出故障，那么，一个单独的发票文件夹将会更有效，而不需要为每个家电都设置一个文件夹。三年内的某一天当你需要你的洗衣机发票的时候，你可以花两三分钟时间在家电发票文件夹中找到你所需要的。

109 “将所有物品都放在一个固定的位置……”：Merrill, D. C., & Martin, J. A. (2010). Getting organized in the Google era: How to get stuff out of your head, find it when you need it, and get it done right. New York, NY: Crown Business, p. 73.

110 “天生就不擅长多重任务……” ： As quoted in Kastenbaum, S. (2012, May 26). Texting while walking a dangerous experiment in multitasking [audio podcast]. CNN Radio.

110我们更像是一个糟糕的业余播撒盘： Naish, J. (2009, August 11). Is multi-tasking bad for your brain? Experts reveal the hidden perils of juggling too many jobs. Daily Mail.

111 许多人拥有的手机的数量远远大于拥有的厕所的数量： 世界70亿人口拥有60亿部手机，45亿厕所，以上数据摘自一项美国调查。Worstall，T.（2013年3月23日）。人们拥有手机的数量多于拥有的厕所的数量，《福布斯》。

112 就可以将你的智商降低10分：Naish, J. (2009, August 11). Is multi-tasking bad for your brain? Experts reveal the hidden perils of juggling too many jobs. Daily Mail.

Wilson, G. (2010). Hewlett-Packard信息实验. 摘自www. drglennwilson.com。

112 信息会直接进入海马体：Foerde, K., Knowlton, B. J., & Poldrack, R. A. (2006). Modulation of competing memory systems by distraction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103(31), 11778–11783.

Cohen, N. J., & Eichenbaum, H. (1993). Memory, amnesia, and the hippo-campal system. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

112 “人类根本无法很好地完成多个任务……”： 引自 Naish, J. (2009, August 11). Is multi-tasking bad for your brain? Experts reveal the hidden perils of juggling too many jobs. Daily Mail.

112 人类大脑很擅长于这类自我欺骗：参见，例如 Gazzaniga, M. (2008). Human: The science behind what makes us unique. New York, NY: HarperCollins.

112 这种转换本身还会存在新陈代谢的代价：任务切换导致前额叶皮层和前扣带中血氧水平依赖（BOLD）变化，而这些变化几乎总是意味着葡萄糖被代谢。

112 大脑中的营养物质大量流失：我们在任务切换过程中看到的疲劳与不同任务之间的转换有关——我们通常会在无聊的两项任务中转换（根据定义，我们倾向于当发现自己能吸收信息的时候，专注于任务），M. Posner,个人交流,2014年4月16日。

112 重复的任务转换会导致焦虑：Nash, J. (2009, August 11). Is multi-tasking bad for your brain? Experts reveal the hidden perils of juggling too many jobs. Daily Mail.

112 导致攻击性与冲动行为：Naish, J. (2009, August 11). Is multi-tasking bad for your brain? Experts reveal the hidden perils of juggling too many jobs. Daily Mail.

112专注于一项任务的状态由大脑中的前扣带回和纹状体控制：Tang, Y-Y., Rothbart, M. K., & Posner, M. I. (2012). Neural correlates of establishing, maintaining, and switching brain states. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16(6), 330–337.

113 减少大脑葡萄糖的需求：Haier, R. J., Siegel, B. V., MacLachlan, A., Soderling, E., Lottenberg, S., & Buchsbaum, M. S. (1992). Regional glucose metabolic changes after learning a complex visuospatial/ motor task: A positron emission tomographic study. Brain Research, 570(1–2), 134–143.

116 紧急热线：Kaufman, L. (2014, February 5). In texting era, crisis hotlines put help at youths’ fingertips. The New York Times, p. A1.

116只是不停地按杆杆：Olds, J. (1956). Pleasure centers in the brain. Scientific American, 195(4), 105–116.

Olds, J., & Milner, P. (1954). Positive reinforcement produced by electrical stimulation of septal area and other regions of rat brain. Journal of Comparative Physiological Psychology, 47(6), 419–427.

117 心脏突然骤停： Associated Press (2007, September 18). Chinese man drops dead after 3-Day gaming binge.

Demick, B. (2005, August 29). Gamers rack up losses. The Los Angeles Times.

119 300万Adobe用户：Dove, J. (2013, October 3). Adobe reports massive security breach. PCWorld.

119 200万个德国沃达丰用户：Thomas, D. (2013, September 12). Hackers steal bank details of 2m Vodafone customers in Germany. Financial Times.

119 1.6亿维萨：Yadron, D., & Barrett, D. (2013, October 3). Jury indicts 13 cyberattack suspects. The Wall Street Journal, p. A2.

120 生成密码的清晰公式：Manjoo, F. (2009, July 24). Fix your terrible, insecure passwords in five minutes. Slate.

121生物识别标志：Nahamoo, D. (2011, December 19). IBM 5 in 5: Biometric data will be key to personal security [Web log message]. IBM Research. 摘自http:// ibmresearchnews. blogspot. com/ 2011/ 12/ ibm-5-in-5-biometric-data -will-be-key. Html

122 丹尼尔·卡尼曼鼓励我们采取积极的态度: Kahneman, D., 个人交流，2013年7月11日。

Klein, G. (2003). The power of intuition: How to use your gut feelings to make better decisions at work. New York, NY: Crown, pp. 98–101.

Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

123 随身携带一个小U盘，里面保存你所有的健康记录

将你的医疗记录、检查结果、X射线等扫描副本，并将它们转换成PDF文档，放置在U盘中。PDF文档的第一页应该有重要信息，包括你的姓名、地址、出生日期、血型，还有任何药物过敏史（这是很重要的！）。

这样的话，当你遇到任何事故或者需要紧急医疗救助的话——或者如果你离家很远，需要常规医学帮助——你的医师也不需要等待很长时间从你的家庭医生处获得你的医疗资料。U盘很便宜，PDF文档无论在哪儿都是可读的。如果这些信息都一应俱全，就可以避免误诊、失误，各种形式的错误。为了确保它不会被错过，放一张纸条在钱包或皮包，旁边放着健康保险证，上面写着：我的所有医疗记录都在一个U盘，我任何时候都随身携带。

124 会组合: Wynn, S., 个人交流，2012年5月5日，拉斯维加斯。

127 甚至可以在许多低等物种身上发现这种特质: Levitin, D. J. (2008). The world in six songs: How the musical brain created human nature. New York, NY: Dutton.

第4章

130 2013年7月16日: Hu, W., & Goodman, J. D. (2013, July 18). Wake-up call for New Yorkers as police seek abducted boy. The New York Times, p. A1.

Shallwani, P. (2013, July 17). Missing-child hunt sets off wake-up call. The Wall Street Journal, p. A19.

130警报中给出了绑架婴儿的汽车的牌照：安珀警报指的是美国儿童绑架预警系统，它的名字是为了纪念安珀·哈格曼，一位于1996年在得克萨斯被绑架并杀害的9岁孩童。

132 第一个计算机网络——阿帕网：Leiner, B. M., Cerf, V. G., Clark, D. D., Kahn, R. E., Kleinrock, L., Lynch, D. C., . . . Wolff, S. (2009). A brief history of the Internet. ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, 39(5), 22–31.

Computer History Museum. (2004). Internet history. 摘自 http:// www. computerhistory. org/ internet_ history

132 专家指出：Markoff, J. (2010, April 13). New force behind agency of wonder. The New York Times, p. D1.

132解决沃尔多在哪儿这一问题: Buchenroth, T., Garber, F., Gowker, B., & Hartzell, S. (2012, July). Automatic object recognition applied to Where’s Waldo? Aerospace and Electronics Conference (NAECON), 2012 IEEE National, 117–120.

Garg, R., Seitz, S. M., Ramanan, D., & Snavely, N. (2011, June). Where’s Waldo: Matching people in images of crowds. Proceedings of the 24th IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 1793–1800.

133维基百科就是众包的一个范例：Ayers, P., Matthews, C., & Yates, B. (2008). How Wikipedia works: And how you can be a part of it. San Francisco, CA: No Starch Press, p. 514.

134 超过450万人: Kickstarter, Inc. (2014). Seven things to know about Kickstarter. 摘自http:// www. kickstarter. com。

135 但他们答案的平均数却与正确答案惊人的接近: Surowiecki, J. (2005). The wisdom of crowds. New York, NY: Penguin.

Treynor, J. L. (1987). Market efficiency and the bean jar experiment. Financial Analysts Journal, 43(3), 50–53.

136 他的癌症病情目前也已经有所缓解:Iaconesi, S. (2012). TED (Producer). (2013). Why I open-sourced cures to my cancer: Salvatore Iaconesi at TEDGlobal 2013 [视频文件]. 网址 http:// blog. ted. com。

TEDMED. (2013, July 17). Salvatore Iaconesi at TEDMED 2013 [视频文件]. 摘自 http:// www. youtube. com。

TEDx Talks. (2012, November 4). My open source cure: Salvatore Iaconesi at TEDx transmedia [视频文件].摘自 http:// www. youtube. com。

136 网站经常给出的一些扭曲的单词: Google. (2014). Digitalizing books one word at a time. 摘自 http:// www. google. com/ recaptcha / learn more von Ahn, L., Maurer, B., McMillen, C., Abraham, D., & Blum, M. (2008).

reCAPTCHA: Human-based character recognition via web security measures. Science, 321(5895), 1465–1468.

136 reCAPTCHAs还有循环利用的意思——因为它循环利用了人类的处理能力：von Ahn, Luis ( reCAPTCHA共同发明者), 个人交流，2014年4月15日，邮件。

136 reCAPTCHAs充当了自动程序的哨兵: Google. (2014). Digitalizing books one word at a time. 摘自 http:// www. google. com/ recaptcha/ learnmore。

von Ahn, L., Maurer, B., McMillen, C., Abraham, D., & Blum, M. (2008). reCAPTCHA: Human-based character recognition via web security measures. Science, 321(5895), 1465–1468.

136谷歌正在数字化的旧书页面： 验证码数字已重新划定用于谷歌图书，并用于强调机器视觉领域的困难。

137 到颞顶的连接处: Decety, J., & Lamm, C. (2007). The role of the right temporoparietal junction in social interaction: How low-level computational processes contribute to meta-cognition. The Neuroscientist, 13(6), 580–593.

138 “如果大家都轻易就赞成的话……”: Gopnik, A. (2014, February 14). The information: How the internet gets inside us. The New Yorker, 123–128.

139 太复杂而变得不好组织?：第四章本节中断断续续出现的句子源自Mindwise, The Wall Street Journal. Levitin, D. J. (2014, February 22–23). Deceivers and believers: We are surprisingly terrible at divining what’s going on in someone else’s mind [Review of the book Mindwise by N. Epley]. The Wall Street Journal, pp. C5, C6.

139 20位家庭成员： Perry, B. D., & Szalavitz, M. (2006). The boy who was raised as a dog and other stories from a child psychiatrist’s notebook: What traumatized children can teach us about loss, love and healing. New York, NY: Basic Books.

139 你认识好几百号人：Perry, B. D., & Szalavitz, M. (2006). The boy who was raised as a dog and other stories from a child psychiatrist’s notebook: What traumatized children can teach us about loss, love and healing. New York, NY: Basic Books.

139 1850年，欧洲居住在一起的家庭人口平均数： 几乎直接摘自 Perry, B. D., & Szalavitz, M. (2006). The boy who was raised as a dog and other stories from a child psychiatrist’s notebook: What traumatized children can teach us about loss, love and healing. New York, NY: Basic Books.

139 一半的美国人都单独居住，我们中越来越多的人没有小孩： Klinenberg, E. (2012, February 12). America: Single, and loving it. The New York Times, p. ST10.

140 都是很常见的事情：Bryson, B. (2010). At home: A short history of private life. New York, NY: Doubleday, p. 323.

140 “很多仆人都……” ：Bryson, B. (2010). At home: A short history of private life. New York, NY: Doubleday.

140 每天可能会与1700人： Statistic Brain. (2013, December 11). Walmart company statistics. 摘自 http:// www. statisticbrain. Com。

141 “每当遇到一个不认识的人，我都会做笔记……”：Shapiro, R.,个人交流，2012年5月6日,内华达州拉斯维加斯。

141 “假设我在2008年遇见了威尔先生……”：Gold, D., 个人交流，2013年11月26日，蒙特利尔。

141 克雷格·卡尔曼……兼首席执行官：克雷格·卡尔曼，个人交流。2013年9月20日，纽约。

144 知晓你几乎不会用到的那些晦涩难懂的信息： Wegner, D. M. (1987). Transactive memory: A contemporary analysis of the group mind. In B. Mullen & G. R. Goethals (Eds.), Theories of group behavior (pp. 185–208). New York, NY: Springer New York, p. 189.

144学术上称其为交互记忆：Wegner, D. M., Giuliano, T., & Hertel, P. (1985). Cognitive interde-pendence in close relationships. In W. J. Ickes (Ed.), Compatible and incompatible relationships (pp. 253–276). New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.

145 交互记忆策略： Wegner, D. M. (1987). Transactive memory: A contemporary analysis of the group mind. In B. Mullen & G. R. Goethals (Eds.), Theories of group behavior (pp. 185–208). New York, NY: Springer New York, p. 194.

145 作为灵长类动物的一种遗传： Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497–529, p. 497.

145 但如果长期独自生活，会造成大脑神经化学的改变： Grassian, S. (1983). Psychopathological effects of solitary confinement. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140(11), 1450–1454.

Posey, T. B., & Losch, M. E. (1983). Auditory hallucinations of hearing voices in 375 normal subjects. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 3(2), 99–113.

Smith, P. S. (2006). The effects of solitary confinement on prison inmates: A brief history and review of the literature. Crime and Justice, 34(1), 441–528.

145 社会隔离也是……风险因素：Epley, N., Akalis, S., Waytz, A., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2008). Creating social connection through inferential reproduction: Loneliness and perceived agency in gadgets, gods, and greyhounds. Psychological Science, 19(2), 114–120.

145 尽管大多数人都相信自己宁愿： Klinenberg, E. (2012, February 12). America: Single, and loving it. The New York Times, p. ST10.

145无论测试者是开朗还是腼腆，外向还是内向：Epley, N. (2014). Mindwise: How we understand what others think, believe, feel, and want. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf, pp. 58–59.

146这种归属感让我们感到舒适：杏仁核过去常常被称为大脑的战逃反应恐惧中心。我们现在知道，它不只是因为害怕，而是用于跟踪各类显著情感的事件——大脑的情感学习和记忆巩固中心。Deębiec, J., Doyère, V., Nader, K., & LeDoux, J. E. (2006). Directly reactivated, but not indirectly reactivated, memories undergo reconsolidation in the amygdala. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103(9), 3428–3433.

McGaugh, J. L. (2004). The amygdala modulates the consolidation of memories of emotionally arousing experiences. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 27(1), 1–28.

Phelps, E. A. (2006). Emotion and cognition: Insights from studies of the human amygdala. Annual Review of Psychology, 57(1), 27–53.

146 甚至超过了谷歌： Cashmore, P. (2006, July 11). MySpace, America’s number one. 摘自 http://www. mashable. Com。

Olsen, S. (2006, July 13) Google’s antisocial downside. 摘自 http://news. cnet. Com。

146 12亿月活跃用户： Kiss, J. (2014, February 4). Facebook’s 10th birthday: from college dorm to 1. 23 billion users. The Guardian.

147 人与人之间联系的代替：Marche, S. (2012, May). Is Facebook making us lonely? The Atlantic.

Turkle, S. (2011). Alone together: Why we expect more from technology and less from each other. New York, NY: Basic Books.

147电子沟通的代价：Fredrickson, B. (2013, March 23). Your phone vs. your heart. The New York Times, p. SR14.

147 有可以一块儿做事的朋友： Buhrmester, D., & Furman, W. (1987). The development of compan-ionship and intimacy. Child Development, 58(4), 1101–1113.

147 提供帮助的朋友……： George, T. P., & Hartmann, D. P. (1996). Friendship networks of unpopular, average, and popular children. Child Development, 67(5), 2301–2316.

Hartup, W. W., & Stevens, N. (1997). Friendships and adaptation in the life course. Psychological Bulletin, 121(3), 355–370.

147 鼓励、自信、忠诚： Berndt, T. J. (2002). Friendship quality and social development. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11(1), 7–10.

147 个人习惯与想法，快乐、痛苦，以及害怕受伤的感觉：Buhrmester, D., & Furman, W. (1987). The development of companionship and intimacy. Child Development, 58(4), 1101–1113.

L’Abate, L. (2013). [Review of the book The science of intimate relationships by Garth Fletcher, Jeffry A. Simpson, Lorne Campbell, and Nikola C. Overall]. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 41(5), 456.

还可参见Brehm, S. S. (1992). Intimate relationships: The McGraw-Hill series in social psychology (2nd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

147 形成某种默契： Weingarten, K. (1991). The discourses of intimacy: Adding a social constru-ctionist and feminist view. Family Process, 30(3), 285–305.

Wynne, L. C. (1984). The epigenesis of relational systems: A model for understanding family development. Family Process, 23(3), 297–318.

147 采取很鲜明的立场：相近说法见 Lerner, H. G. (1989). The dance of intimacy: A woman’s guide to courageous acts of change in key relationships. New York, NY: Harper Paperbacks, p. 3.

我第一次看到这种说法是在 Weingarten, K. (1991). The discourses of intimacy: Adding a social constructionist and feminist view. Family Process, 30(3), 285–305.

147 其他文化也许会认为亲密感并不是必需的： Hatfield, E., & Rapson, R. I. (1993). Love, sex & intimacy: Their psychology, biology & history. New York, NY: HarperCollins.

Hook, M. K., Gerstein, L. H., Detterich, L., & Gridley, B. (2003). How close are we? Measuring intimacy and examining gender differences. Journal of Counseling & Development, 81(4), 462–472.

148 女性比男性更注重承诺与沟通的连续性：Luepnitz, D.A. (1988). The family interpreted: Feminist theory in clinical practice. New York, NY: Basic Books.

148 男性比女性更看重性亲密与身体亲密： Ridley, J. (1993). Gender and couples: Do women and men seek different kinds of intimacy? Sexual and Marital Therapy 8(3), 243–253.

148 亲密感、爱、热情并不总是会同时出现——它们属于完全不同的维度：Acker, M., & Davis, M. H. (1992). Intimacy, passion and commitment in adult romantic relationships: A test of the triangular theory of love. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 9(1), 21–50.

Graham, J. M. (2011). Measuring love in romantic relationships: A meta-analysis. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 28(6), 748–771.

Sternberg, R. J. (1986). A triangular theory of love. Psychological Review, 93(2), 119.

148 正如我们的近亲黑猩猩那样： Hare, B., Call, J., & Tomasello, M. (2006). Chimpanzees deceive a human competitor by hiding. Cognition, 101(3), 495–514.

McNally, L., & Jackson, A. L. (2013). Cooperation creates selection for tactical deception. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 280(1762).

148 现代亲密感更多样：Amirmoayed, A. (2012). [Review of the book Intimacy and power: The dynamics of personal relationships in modern society by D. Layder]. Sociology, 46(3), 566–568.

148 人类很少像现在那样重视亲密感：Wynne, L. C., & Wynne, A. R. (1986). The quest for intimacy. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 12(4), 383–394.

148 人类历史最初的99% ：Bryson, B. (2010). At home: A short history of private life. New York, NY: Doubleday, p. 323.

148 处于这种关系的人拥有更健康的体魄：Cohen, S., Frank, E., Doyle, W. J., Skoner, D. P., Rabin, B. S., & Gwaltney Jr., J. M., (1998). Types of stressors that increase susceptibility to the common cold in healthy adults. Health Psychology, 17(3), 214–223.

Hampson, S. E., Goldberg, L. R., Vogt, T. M., & Dubanoski, J. P. (2006). Forty years on: Teachers’ assessments of children’s personality traits predict self-reported health behaviors and outcomes at midlife. Health Psychology, 25(1), 57–64.

148 能够快速从疾病中恢复：Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., Loving, T. J., Stowell, J. R., Malarkey, W. B., Lemeshow, S., Dickinson, S. L., & Glaser, R. (2005). Hostile marital interactions, proinflammatory cytokine production, and wound healing. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(12), 1377–1384.

149 也能够活得更长久： Gallo, L. C., Troxel, W. M., Matthews, K. A., & Kuller, L. H. (2003). Marital status and quality in middle-aged women: Associations with levels and trajectories of cardiovascular risk factors. Health Psychology, 22(5), 453–463.

Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., & Layton, J. B. (2010). Social relationships and mortality risk: A meta-nalytic review. PLoS Medicine, 7(7), e1000316.

149 令人满意的亲密关系：Diener, E., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). Very happy people. Psycho-logical Science, 13(1), 81–84。在这一段中，我套用了一篇优秀的文章：Finkel, et al. Finkel, E. J., Eastwick, P. W., Karney, B. R., Reis, H. T., & Sprecher, S. (2012). Online dating: A critical analysis from the perspective of psychological science. Psycho-logical Science in the Public Interest, 13(1), 3–66.

149 乐群的基本特征是合作： Knack, J. M., Jacquot, C., Jensen-Campbell, L. A., & Malcolm, K. T. (2013). Importance of having agreeable friends in adolescence (especially when you are not). Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43(12), 2401–2413.

149 并且在童年早期已经开始显现：Hampson, S. E., & Goldberg, L. R. (2006). A first large cohort study of personality trait stability over the 40 years between elementary school and midlife. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(4), 763–779.

Rothbart, M. K., & Ahadi, S. A. (1994). Temperament and the development of personality. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103(1), 55–66.

and, Shiner, R. L., Masten, A. S., & Roberts, J. M. (2003). Childhood personality foreshadows adult personality and life outcomes two decades later. Journal of Personality, 71(6), 1145–1170.

149 不良情绪，如愤怒和沮丧：Ahadi, S. A., & Rothbart, M. K. (1994). Temperament, development and the Big Five. In C. F. Halverson Jr., G. A. Kohnstamm, & R. P. Martin (Eds.), The developing structure of temperament and personality from infancy to adulthood (pp. 189–207). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

149 一个乐群的人在维持良好社会关系中会占据巨大优势： Knack, J. M., Jacquot, C., Jensen-Campbell, L. A., & Malcolm, K. T. (2013). Importance of having agreeable friends in adolescence (especially when you are not). Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43(12), 2401–2413.

149 我们的反应都受到朋友的引导：Knack, J. M., Jacquot, C., Jensen-Campbell, L. A., & Malcolm, K. T. (2013). Importance of having agreeable friends in adolescence (especially when you are not). Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43(12), 2401–2413.

149 成熟的标志： Kohlberg, L. (1971). Stages of moral development. In C. Beck & E. Sullivan (Eds.), Moral education (pp. 23–92). Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press.

149 有一个乐群的朋友：Boulton, M. J., Trueman, M., Chau, C., White-head, C., & Amatya, K. (1999). Concurrent and longitudinal links between friendship and peer victimization: Implications for befriending interventions. Journal of Adolescence, 22(4), 461–466.

149 但女孩将受益更多：Schmidt, M. E., & Bagwell, C. L. (2007). The protective role of friendships in overtly and relationally victimized boys and girls. Merrill Palmer Quarterly, 53(3), 439–460.

150 强分类组合：Hitsch, G. J., Hortaçsu, A., & Ariely, D. (2010). What makes you click?—Mate preferences in online dating. Quantitative Marketing and Economics, 8(4), 393–427.

150 18世纪早期的报纸：Cocks, H. G. (2009). Classified: The secret history of the personal column. London, UK: Random House.

Orr, A. (2004). Meeting, mating, and cheating: Sex, love, and the new world of online dating. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Reuters Prentice Hall.

150 他们会在报纸上写上关于自己的各种品质：Orr, A. (2004). Meeting, mating, and heating: Sex, love, and the new world of online dating. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Reuters Prentice Hall.

150 美国有1/3的人开始网恋： Cacioppo, J. T., Cacioppo, S., Gonzaga, G. C., Ogburn, E. L., & VanderWeele, T. J. (2013). Marital satisfaction and break-ups differ across on-line and off-line meeting venues. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(25), 10135–10140.

150 10年前，这个比例还很小：根据一项国家调查，20世纪八九十年代个人征婚交友中只有不到1%的美国人找到了合适的伴侣。Laumann, E. O., Gagnon, J. H., Michael, R. T., & Michaels, S. (1994). The social organization of sexuality: Sexual practices in the United States. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Simenauer, J., & Carroll, D. (1982). Singles: The new Americans. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.

150 这些约会中有一半： Cacioppo, J. T., Cacioppo, S., Gonzaga, G. C., Ogburn, E. L., & VanderWeele, T. J. (2013). Marital satisfaction and break-ups differ across on-line and off-line meeting venues. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(25), 10135–10140.

150 1995年，还很少有婚姻是从网上开始： Randall, D., Hamilton, C., & Kerr, E. (2013, June 9). We just clicked: More and more couples are meeting online and marrying. The Independent.

150 这一切开始于1999年到2000年间：Finkel, E. J., Eastwick, P. W., Karney, B. R., Reis, H. T., & Sprecher, S. (2012). Online dating: A critical analysis from the perspective of psychological science. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 13(1), 3–66.

150 网上约会开始20年后：1960年之前出生的人在成年之前通常都不会接触到互联网，许多人一开始对它都是持怀疑的态度，因为互联网充斥着各种网络犯罪、身份盗窃，以及一些其他问题。当问题伴着新的不熟悉的媒介出现的时候，人们通常不会使用这种媒介。对于1990年以后出生的人，互联网已经如此根深蒂固，他们将其视为一种危险，一种对其他固有媒介的威胁。我们知道支票账户和信用卡都可能出现身份泄露，但它们已经存在了太长时间，我们已经接受了这种危险。如果出现新的替代媒介——正如贝宝在1998年所做的那样——转账的低消耗已经抵消了它既有的风险。但如果贝宝是你的第一次互联网体验，而且仅仅是其他已经存在的金融工具的替代的话，那么，它的应用壁垒更低。

151 过度使用互联网、性格内向的人：Kraut, R., Patterson, M., Lundmark, V., Kiesler, S., Muko-phadhyay, T., & Scherlis, W. (1998). Internet paradox: A social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological well-being? American Psychologist, 53(9), 1017–1031.

Stevens, S. B., & Morris, T. L. (2007). College dating and social anxiety: Using the Internet as a means of connecting to others. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 10(5), 680–688.

151 大学生的同情指数正在急剧下降：引自Gopnik, A. (2014, February 14). The information: How the internet gets inside us. The New Yorker, 123–128.

他引自Turkle, S. (2011). Alone together: Why we expect more from technology and less from each other. New York, NY: Basic Books.

151 更容易试着理解别人的感受：This is a direct quote from Turkle, S. (2011). Alone together: Why we expect more from technology and less from each other. New York, NY: Basic Books.

151 渠道、沟通、配对、非同步：Finkel, E. J., Eastwick, P. W., Karney, B. R., Reis, H. T., & Sprecher, S. (2012). Online dating: A critical analysis from the perspective of psychological science. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 13(1), 3–66.

151 我们以前接触的人：Kerckhoff, A. C. (1964). Patterns of homogamy and the field of eligibles. Social Forces, 42(3), 289–297.

151 上百万份资料： Finkel, E. J., Eastwick, P. W., Karney, B. R., Reis, H. T., & Sprecher, S. (2012). Online dating: A critical analysis from the perspective of psychological science. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 13(1), 3–66.

152 一致：Finkel, E. J., Eastwick, P. W., Karney, B. R., Reis, H. T., & Sprecher, S. (2012). Online dating: A critical analysis from the perspective of psychological science. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 13(1), 3–66.

152 “产生基于评价的思维模式……” ：Finkel, E. J., Eastwick, P. W., Karney, B. R., Reis, H. T., & Sprecher, S. (2012). Online dating: A critical analysis from the perspective of psychological science. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 13(1), 3–66.

152 认知与信息过载：Finkel, E. J., Eastwick, P. W., Karney, B. R., Reis, H. T., & Sprecher, S. (2012). Online dating: A critical analysis from the perspective of psychological science. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 13(1), 3–66.

Wilson, T. D., & Schooler, J. W. (1991). Thinking too much: Introspection can reduce the quality of preferences and decisions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(2), 181–192.

Wu, P-L., & Chiou, W-B. (2009). More options lead to more searching and worse choices in finding partners for romantic relationships online: An experimental study. CyberPsychology, 12(3), 315–318.

152 当认知资源有限时： Martin, L. L., Seta, J. J., & Crelia, R. A. (1990). Assimilation and contrast as a function of people’s willingness and ability to expend effort in forming an impression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(1), 27–37.

这其中还有一个数学原理：交友者都想要找到更好的伴侣，从而会阅读越来越多的偏离良好伴侣的资料，因此会降低选择的质量。决策超载出现，当他们变得越来越不那么有选择性时，他们的选项也越来越少。

152 这是每位交友者的职责：Lydon, J. E. (2010). How to forego forbidden fruit: The regulation of attractive alternatives as a commitment mechanism. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4(8), 635–644.

153 81%的人……造假：Toma, C. L., Hancock, J. T., & Ellison, N. B. (2008). Separating fact from fiction: An examination of deceptive self-presentation in online dating profiles. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(8), 1023–1036.

153 交友者会将年纪少报10岁： Toma, C. L., Hancock, J. T., & Ellison, N. B. (2008). Separating fact from fiction: An examination of deceptive self-presentation in online dating profiles. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(8), 1023–1036.

153 他们是共和党人： Toma, C. L., Hancock, J. T., & Ellison, N. B. (2008). Separating fact from fiction: An examination of deceptive self-presentation in online dating profiles. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(8), 1023–1036.

153 紧张状态： Rosenbloom, S. (2011, November 12). Love, lies and what they learned. The New York Times, p. ST1.

153 离婚率要低22%：Cacioppo, J. T., Cacioppo, S., Gonzaga, G. C., Ogburn, E. L., & Van-derWeele, T. J. (2013). Marital satisfaction and break-ups differ across on-line and off-line meeting venues. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(25), 10135–10140.

154 有多了解： Epley, N. (2014). Mindwise: How we understand what others think, believe, feel, and want. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf.

and, Eyal, T., & Epley, N. (2010). How to seem telepathic: Enabling mind reading by matching construal. Psychological Science, 21(5), 700–705.

Kenny, D. A. (1994). Interpersonal perception: A social relations analysis. New York, NY: The Guilford Press, p. 159.

154 他们自认为这个数值为80%： Epley, N. (2014). Mindwise: How we understand what others think, believe, feel, and want. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf, pp. 10–12.

154 自认为自己辨别出撒谎者的正确率为70%：引自Epley, N. (2014). Mindwise: How we understand what others think, believe, feel, and want. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf, p. 12.

还可参见Swann, W. B., Silvera, D. H., & Proske, C. U. (1995). On “knowing your partner”: Dangerous illusions in the age of AIDS? Personal Relationships, 2(3), 173–186.

154 我们很难正确分辨：Bond Jr., C. F., & DePaulo, B. M. (2006). Accuracy of deception judgments. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(3), 314–234.

154 一次意图相反的误读： 这一段几乎直接引自Epley, N. (2014). Mindwise: How we understand what others think, believe, feel, and want. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf.

155 路易斯安那州深水地平线石油钻井平台：Urbina, I. (2010, July 22). Workers on doomed rig voiced safety concerns. The New York Times, p. A1.

155 医疗事故诉讼减少了一半：Kachalia, A., Kaufman, S. R., Boothman, R., Anderson, S., Welch, K., Saint, S., & Rogers, M. A. M. (2010). Liability claims and costs before and after implementation of a medical error disclosure program. Annals of Internal Medicine, 153(4), 213–221.

155 当面对人为因素 ：这是Eply引自理查德·布恩曼话语的意译。理查德·布思曼为密歇根医学院参与研究的首席风险执行官。Epley, N. (2014). Mindwise: How we understand what others think, believe, feel, and want. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf, p. 185.

155 善意的谎言：Camden, C., Motley, M. T., & Wilson, A. (1984). White lies in inter个人交流: A taxonomy and preliminary investigation of social motivations. Western Journal of Speech Communication, 48(4), 309–325.

Erat, S., & Gneezy, U. (2012). White lies. Management Science, 58(4), 723–733.

Scott, G. G. (2006). The truth about lying: Why and how we all do it and what to do about it. Lincoln, NE: iUniverse.

Talwar, V., Murphy, S. M., & Lee, K. (2007). White lie-telling in children for politeness purposes. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 31(1), 1–11.

156 保罗·格赖斯称之为会话含义： Grice, H. P. (1975). Logic and conversation. In P. Cole and J. Morgan (Eds.), Syntax and semantics (Vol. 3). New York, NY: Academic Press.

Levitin, D. J. (2010). Foundations of cognitive psychology: Core readings (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

157 说话者说出一句话： Searle, J. R. (1991). Indirect speech acts. In S. Davis (Ed.), Pragmatics: A reader (pp. 265–277). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

158 社会拒绝会激活大脑中跟物理疼痛一样的区域： Eisenberger, N. I., & Lieberman, M. D. (2004). Why rejection hurts: A common neural alarm system for physical and social pain. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8(7), 294–300.

Eisenberger, N. I., Lieberman, M. D., & Williams, K. D. (2003). Does rejection hurt? An fMRI study of social exclusion. Science, 302(5643), 290–292.

MacDonald, G., & Leary, M. R. (2005). Why does social exclusion hurt? The relationship between social and physical pain. Psychological Bulletin, 131(2), 202–223, p. 202.

158 减少人们的社交疼痛： DeWall, C. N., MacDonald, G., Webster, G. D., Masten, C. L., Baumeister, R. F., Powell, C., . . . Eisenberger, N. I. (2010). Acetaminophen reduces social pain: Behavioral and neural evidence. Psychological Science, 21(7), 931–937.

159 但如果够幸运，意图却百分之百明确的言语： Searle, J. R. (1965). What is a speech act? In R. J Stainton (Ed.), Perspectives in the philosophy of language: A concise anthology, 2000 (pp. 253–268). Peterborough, ON: Broadview Press.我只是将故事简单地意译过来而已；瑟尔的讲述更好，也更有趣。

160 信息可以通过社会契约更新：Turner, C. (1987). Organizing information: Principles and practice. London, UK: Clive Bingley.

160 我们现在知道厄尼是个骗子：Sesame Street (1970, April 23). Ernie eats cake. [Television series episode]. In Sesame Street (Season 1, Episode 119). New York, NY: Children’s Television Workshop.

160 不值得信任： Turner, C. (1987). Organizing information: Principles and practice. London, UK: Clive Bingley.

160 冥王星不再是一颗行星时： National Aeronautics and Space Administration. (n. d.). Pluto: Overview. 摘自 https:// solarsystem. nasa. gov/ planets/ profile. cfm ? Object= Pluto.

160 所有对话都是合作行为：Shannon, B. (1987). Cooperativeness and implicature— A reversed perspective. New Ideas in Psychology, 5(2), 289–293.

163 假意、挖苦或任何非字面言语：Anderson, J. S., Lange, N., Froehlich, A., DuBray, M. B., Druzgal, T. J., Froimowitz, M. P., . . . Lainhart, J. E. (2010). Decreased left posterior insular activity during auditory language in autism. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 31(1), 131–139.

Harris, G. J., Chabris, C. F., Clark, J., Urban, T., Aharon, I., Steele, S., . . . Tager-Flusberg, H. (2006). Brain activation during semantic processing in autism spectrum disorders via functional magnetic resonance imaging. Brain and Cognition, 61(1), 54–68.

Wang, A. T., Lee, S. S., Sigman, M., & Dapretto, M. (2006). Neural basis of irony comprehension in children with autism: The role of prosody and context. Brain, 129(4), 932–943.

163 当人们处于极端兴奋时，大脑就会释放催产素：Blaicher, W., Gruber, D., Bieglmayer, C., Blaicher, A. M., Knogler, W., & Huber, J. C. (1999). The role of oxytocin in relation to female sexual arousal. Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation, 47(2), 125–126.

Carmichael, M. S., Humbert, R., Dixen, J., Palmisano, G., Greenleaf, W., & Davidson, J. M. (1987). Plasma oxytocin increases in the human sexual response. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 64(1), 27–31.

Diamond, L. M. (2004). Emerging perspectives on distinctions between romantic love and sexual desire. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13(3), 116–119.

Young, L. J., & Wang, Z. (2004). The neurobiology of pair bonding. Nature Neuroscience, 7(10), 1048–1054.

164 他们会选择当他们分泌催产素时所看到的候选人：Most of this section is based on information in Chanda, M. L., & Levitin, D. J. (2013). The neurochemistry of music. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 17(4), 179–193.

164 恢复得更快更好：Blazer, D. G. (1982). Social support and mortality in an elderly community population. American Journal of Epidemiology, 115(5), 684–694.

Broadhead, W. E., Kaplan, B. H., James, S. A., Wagner, E. H., Schoenbach, V. J., Grimson, R., . . . Gehlbach, S. H. (1983). The epidemiologic evidence for a relationship between social support and health. American Journal of Epidemiology, 117(5), 521–537.

Wills, T. A., & Ainette, M. G. (2012). Social networks and social support. In A. Baum, T. A. A. Revenson, & J. Singer (Eds.), Handbook of Health Psychology (pp. 465–492). New York, NY: Psychology Press, p. 465.

164 它真正的角色是组织社会行为： 催产素本身并不忠实于社会道德准则，相反，它可以调节压力与焦虑、情感动机状态，和/或社会信息相关的认知选择。

Bartz, J. A., & Hollander, E. (2006). The neuroscience of affiliation: Forging links between basic and clinical research on neuropeptides and social behavior. Hormones and Behavior, 50(4), 518–528.

Bartz, J. A., Zaki, J., Bolger, N., & Ochsner, K. N. (2011). Social effects of oxytocin in humans: context and person matter. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15(7), 301–309.

Chanda, M. L., & Levitin, D. J. (2013). The neurochemistry of music. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 17(4), 179–193.

164 音乐已被证明能提高催产素的水平：Grape, C., Sandgren, M., Hansson, L. O., Ericson, M., & Theorell, T. (2003). Does singing promote well-being?: An empirical study of professional and amateur singers during a singing lesson. Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science, 38(1), 65–74.

Nilsson, U. (2009). Soothing music can increase oxytocin levels during bed rest after open-heart surgery: A randomised control trial. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 18(15), 2153–2161.

165 防止情绪（和身体）爆发：Insel, T. R. (2010). The challenge of translation in social neuroscience: A review of oxytocin, vasopressin, and affiliative behavior. Neuron, 65(6), 768–779.

Young, L. J., Nilsen, R., Waymire, K. G., MacGregor, G. R., & Insel, T. R. (1999). Increased affiliative response to vasopressin in mice expressing the V1a receptor from a monogamous vole. Nature, 400(6746), 766–768.

165 (老鼠可以起身离开沙发)：Trezza, V., Baarendse, P. J., & Vanderschuren, L. J. (2010). The pleasures of play: Pharmacological insights into social reward mechanisms. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 31(10), 463–469.

Trezza, V., & Vanderschuren, L. J. (2008). Bidirectional cannabinoid modulation of social behavior in adolescent rats. Psychopharmacology, 197(2), 217–227.

166 但是在评价自己时又会选择“视情况而定”：感谢伦特弗罗做出了这样的示范，Rentfrow, J., 个人交流，2013年11月4日。

还可参见 Rothbart, M., Dawes, R., & Park, B. (1984). Stereotyping and sampling biases in intergroup perception. In J. R. Eiser (Ed.), Attitudinal judgment (pp. 109–134). New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, p. 125.

Watson, D. (1982). The actor and the observer: How are their perceptions of causality divergent? Psychological Bulletin, 92(3), 682–700.

166 丹尼尔·吉尔伯特称此为“隐形”的问题：Gilbert, D. T. & Malone, P. S. (1995). The correspon-dence bias. Psychological Bulletin, 117(1), 21–38.

167 普林斯顿大学神学院的学生：Darley, J. M., & Batson, C. D. (1973). “From Jersulem to Jericho”: A study of situational and dispositional variables in helping behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 27(1), 100–108.

168 “他们还有几分钟才能准备好……”：我在这里将一切简化了——实际上研究有三大情形，40位参与者。这三天情形分别为：高度匆忙，中度匆忙，低度匆忙。最有趣的两大情形是在高度匆忙与低度匆忙之间，所以，这也就成为我在这里所叙述的事实。

169 李·罗斯教授和他的同事们：Ross, L. D., Amabile, T. M., & Steinmetz, J. L. (1977). Social roles, social control, and biases in social-perception processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35(7), 485–494, p. 485.

169 “哪只队伍赢得了1969年世锦赛？”：罗斯实验的实际问题，在文献中并未提及，但这些例子说明了问题的类型、范围、宽度。关于奥登和冰川的问题都来自原始报告。罗斯，L.，个人交流。1991年1月。

170 基本归因错误：基本归因错误受到了很多批评，包括其社会过程，而不仅仅是推理过程，参见Gawronski, B. (2004)。Theory-based bias correction in dispositional inference: The fundamental attribution error is dead, long live the correspondence bias. European Review of Social Psychology, 15(1), 183–217.

此外，这是西方文化所特有的，反映了个体差异：

Clarke, S. (2006). Appealing to the fundamental attribution error: Was it all a big mistake? In D. Coady (Ed.), Conspiracy theories: The philosophical debate (pp. 130–140). Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing.

Hooghiemstra, R. (2008). East-West differences in attributions for company performance: A content analysis of Japanese and U. S. corporate annual reports. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 39(5), 618–629.

Langdridge, D., & Butt, T. (2004). The fundamental attribution error: A phenomenological critique. British Journal of Social Psychology, 43(3), 357–369.

Truchot, D., Maure, G., & Patte, S. (2003). Do attributions change over time when the actor’s behavior is hedonically relevant to the perceiver? The Journal of Social Psychology, 143(2), 202–208.

171 结果偏见推论：Mackie, D. M., Allison, S. T., Worth, L. T., & Asuncion, A. G. (1992). The generalization of outcome-biased counter-stereotypic inferences. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 28(1), 43–64.

171 乔莉通过了一门很难的大学课程：这个例子来自 Mackie, D. M., Allison, S. T., Worth, L. T., & Asuncion, A. G. (1992). The generalization of outcome-biased counter-stereotypic inferences. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 28(1), 43–64.

171 我们会继续认为：Allison, S. T., & Messick, D. M. (1985). The group attribution error. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 21(6), 563–579.

Mackie, D. M., Allison, S. T., Worth, L. T., & Asuncion, A. G. (1992). The generalization of outcome-biased counter-stereotypic inferences. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 28(1), 43–64.

Schaller, M. (1992). In-group favoritism and statistical reasoning in social inference: Implications for formation and maintenance of group stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(1), 61–74.

171 原始的、无意识的暗示：Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Mackie, D. M., Allison, S. T., Worth, L. T., & Asuncion, A. G. (1992). The generalization of outcome-biased counter-stereotypic inferences. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 28(1), 43–64.

172 “陪审团将不予理会上次庭审证据”：Rachlinski, J. J., Wistrich, A. J., & Guthrie, C. (2005). Can judges ignore inadmissible information? The difficulty of deliberately disregarding. University of Pennsylvania Law Review 153(4), 1251–1345.

172 他所提供的数据是正确的：Anderson, C. A., & Kellam, K. L. (1992). Belief perseverance, biased assimilation, and covariation detection: The effects of hypothetical social theories and new data. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18(5), 555–565.

Bonabeau, E. (2009). Decisions 2. 0: The power of collective intelligence. MIT Sloan Management Review, 50(2), 45–52.

Carretta, T. R., & Moreland, R. L. (1982). Nixon and Watergate: A field demonstration of belief perseverance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 8(3), 446–453.

Guenther, C. L., & Alicke, M. D. (2008). Self-enhancement and belief perseverance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(3), 706–712.

当证据被证实无效的时候，决定的情感质量仍旧存在。Sherman, D. K., & Kim, H. S. (2002). Affective perseverance: The resistance of affect to cognitive invalidation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(2), 224–237.

172 一群男性大学生被带进实验室：Nisbett, R. E., & Valins, S. (1972). Perceiving the causes of one’s own behavior. In D. E. Kanouse, H. H. Kelley, R. E. Nisbett, S. Valins, & B. Weiner (Eds.), Attribution: Perceiving the causes of behavior (pp. 63–78). Morristown, NJ: General Learning Press.

Valins, S. (2007). Persistent effects of information about internal reactions: Ineffectiveness of debriefing. In H. London & R. E. Nisbett (Eds.), Thought and feeling: The cognitive alteration of feeling states. Chicago, IL: Aldine Transaction

以下为有趣的基本归因错误的反面观点及其设计的情形：Malle, B. F. (2006). The actor-observer asymmetry in attribution: A (surprising) meta-analysis. Psychogical Bulletin, 132(6), 895–919.

173 实验者还已经预先设置了频率的波动：实验的先决条件是，心跳快速增加预示着高水平的觉醒，高水平的吸引。这不涉及某位女性被广泛认为比其他女性更具吸引力——这个因素是随机的，所以实验中男性的心态能在不同图片中达到顶峰。

173 结果就会相对稳定：几乎直接摘自Valins, S. (2005). Persistent effects of information about internal reactions: Ineffectiveness of debriefing. Integrative Physiological & Behavioral Science, 40(3), 161–165.

173 尼古拉斯·埃普利认为：Epley, N. (2014). Mindwise: How we understand what others think, believe, feel, and want. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf.

174 显著差异维度：Eckert, P. (1989). Jocks and burnouts: Social categories and identity in the high school. New York, NY: Teachers College Press.

175 组内成员会比组外成员更倾向于：Rothbart, M., Dawes, R., & Park, B. (1984). Stereotyping and sampling biases in intergroup perception. In J. R. Eiser (Ed.), Attitudinal judgment (pp. 109–134). New York, NY:Springer-Verlag.

175内侧前额叶皮层：D’Argembeau, A., Ruby, P., Collette, F., Degueldre, C., Balteau, E., Luxen, A., . . . Salmon, E. (2007). Distinct regions of the medial prefrontal cortex are associated with self-referential processing and perspective taking. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 19(6), 935–944.

Mitchell, J. P., Banaji, M. R., & MacRae, C. N. (2005). The link between social cognition and self-referential thought in the medial prefrontal cortex. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 17(8), 1306–1315.

Northoff, G., & Bermpohl, F. (2004). Cortical midline structures and the self. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8(3), 102–107.

175 神游模式就会被激活：D’Argembeau, A., Ruby, P., Collette, F., Degueldre, C., Balteau, E., Luxen,

A., . . . Salmon, E. (2007). Distinct regions of the medial prefrontal cortex are associated with self-referential processing and perspective taking. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 19(6), 935–944.

Gusnard, D. A., Akbudak, E., Shulman, G. L., & Raichle, M. E. (2001). Medial prefrontal cortex and self-referential mental activity: Relation to a default mode of brain function. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 98(7), 4259–4264.

Mitchell, J. P., Banaji, M. R., & MacRae, C. N. (2005). The link between social cognition and self-referential thought in the medial prefrontal cortex. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 17(8), 1306–1315.

175 完全站不住脚的：Rabbie, J. M., & Horwitz, M. (1969). Arousal of ingroup-outgroup bias by a chance win or loss. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 13(3), 269–277, p. 269.

176 命运相互依存：Lewin, K. (1948). Resolving social conflicts: Selected papers on group dynamics. Oxford, UK: Harper.

176 这种相似的简单操作：如果这一切似乎还牵强，那么，潜在的机制可能与自尊有关。俄勒冈大学的心理学家米克·罗斯巴特曾经说过，我们倾向于通过提升与我们相似的组别，贬低与我们不同的组别来增加我们的自尊。罗伯特·恰尔迪尼发现，当人们通过实验体会到失去自尊时，会显著地影响他们所喜爱的运动队：他们可能将获胜的队伍称之为“我们”，将失败的队伍称之为“他们”。

Cialdini, R. B., Borden, R. J., Thorne, A., Walker, M. R., Freeman, S., & Sloan, L. R. (1976). Basking in reflected glory: Three (football) field studies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34(3), 366–375.

Rothbart, M., Dawes, R., & Park, B. (1984). In J. R. Eiser (Ed.), Attitudinal judgment (pp. 109–134). New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.

176 将人类分成：Rothbart, M., & Hallmark, W. (1988). In-group-out-group differences in the perceived efficacy of coercion and conciliation in resolving social conflict. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55(2), 248–257.

177 对某个类别的人或事物的概括：除了我在本文所提到的以外，种族主义还有其他解释。例如，Brown, R. (2010). Prejudice: Its social psychology, (2nd ed.). Oxford, UK: John Wiley & Sons.

Major, B., & O’Brien, L. T. (2005). The social psychology of stigma. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 393–421.

Smedley, A., & Smedley, B. D. (2005). Race as biology is fiction, racism as a social problem is real: Anthropological and historical perspectives on the social construction of race. American Psychologist, 60(1), 16–26, p. 16.

177 米克·罗特巴特在一个班：Rothbart, M., Dawes, R., & Park, B. (1984). Stereotyping and sampling biases in intergroup perception. In J. R. Eiser (Ed.), Attitudinal judgment (pp. 109–134). New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, p. 112.

177 在组内组外的偏见中：几乎直接摘自Rothbart, M., Dawes, R., & Park, B. (1984). Stereotyping and sampling biases in intergroup perception. In J. R. Eiser (Ed.), Attitudinal judgment (pp. 109–134). New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, p. 112.

177 互相更加了解：这被称为组内沟通理论。Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(5), 751–783.

178 “这里的情况是……”：Rothbart, M., Dawes, R., & Park, B. (1984). Stereotyping and sampling biases in intergroup perception. In J. R. Eiser (Ed.), Attitudinal judgment (pp. 109–134). New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, p. 113.

178 我们往往不会重新评估这种刻板印象：Rothbart, M., & Lewis, S. (1988). Inferring category attributes from exemplar attributes: Geometric shapes and social categories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55(5), 861–872.

178 1962年加勒比海危机：Garthoff, R. L. (1988). Cuban missile crisis: The Soviet story. Foreign Policy, 72, 61–80.

178 “试着让你从我们的角度看待问题”：赫鲁晓夫（1962年10月24号）。给肯尼迪总统的信。肯尼迪总统图书馆，总统办公室文件，古巴。不分类标记。官方翻译由国会负责，非官方翻译由莫斯科大使负责（1070号电报，12月25日；国会；总统信件，lot 66 D：304）国务院简报印刷出版，1973年11月19日，P637–639。

历史学家办公室，美国国务院。(n. d.)。赫鲁晓夫交流：63号文件。Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961–1963 (6).摘自 http:// history. state. gov/ historicaldocuments/ frus1961-63v06/ d63。

178 “如果你真的关心你国家人民的和平……”：赫鲁晓夫（1962年），苏联大使给美国国会的信件，1962年12月26日，晚上7点。Kennedy Library, National Security Files, Countries Series, USSR, Khrushchev Correspondence. Secret; Eyes Only; Niact; Verbatim Text. Passed to the White House at 9:15 p. m. October 26. Other copies of this message are in Department of State, Presidential Correspondence: Lot 66 D 204, and ibid.: Lot 77 D 163. A copy of the Russian-language text is in the former. This “informal translation” and an “official translation” prepared by the Department of State are printed in Department of State Bulletin, November 19, 1973, pp. 640–645.

Office of the Historian, U. S. Department of State. (n. d.). Kennedy-Krushchev exchanges: Document 65. In Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961–1963 (6). 摘自 http:// history. state. gov/ historicaldocuments/ frus1961-63v06/ d65

179 他将肯尼迪从组外成员变为组内成员：模拟实验参见罗思巴特的第二个模拟实验, M., & Hallmark, W. (1988). In-group-out-group differences in the perceived efficacy of coercion and conciliation in resolving social conflict. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55(2), 248–257.

179 2013年年底至2014年年初： 几乎直接摘自 Kirkpatrick, D. D. (2014, January 25). Prolonged fight feared in Egypt after bombings. The New York Times, p. A1.

179 我们倾向于认为，胁迫敌人：这句话以及本段之前的很多语句摘自 Rothbart, M., & Hallmark, W. (1988). In-group-out-group differences in the perceived efficacy of coercion and conciliation in resolving social conflict. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55(2), 248–257.

179 “当我想到所有花在炸弹和弹药的钱”：Shultz, G., 个人交流，2012年7月, Sonoma County, CA。

180 (阿根廷就是一个法律规定……) ：阿根廷刑法第106~108条，其中第106条规定“任何危及他人生命及健康，无论是囚禁他人还是（作者的同情）……都将判处2~6年的监禁”Hassel, G. (n. d.). Penal especial [Special penalty]. 摘自 http:// www. monografias. com/ trabajos52/ penal-especial / penal-especial2. Shtml。

180 他们会产生合理的恐惧：Darley, J. M., & Latané, B. (1968). Bystander intervention in emergencies: Diffusion of responsibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 8(4), 377–383.

Milgram, S., & Hollander, P. (1964). The murder they heard. The Nation, 198(15), 602–604.

180 社会心理学家约翰·达利和比布·拉塔内：Darley, J. M., & Latané, B. (1968). Bystander intervention in emergencies: Diffusion of responsibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 8(4), 377–383, p. 377.

181 沃尔特·万斯突发心脏病，在西弗吉尼亚州的一家商店晕倒，随后死亡：Report: Shoppers unfazed as man dies at Target [视频文件]. (2011, November 26). NBC News.

181 数百名购物者从他身边走过，甚至有人从他身上跨过：Pocklington, R. (2013, Dec. 29). Shocking surveillance footage shows customers stepping over shooting victim as he lay dying in store doorway. Daily Mirror.

Hall, Jr. R. (2013, Dec. 23). Kalamazoo man convicted of murder in 2012 shooting of Jheryl Wright, 24. Kalamazoo Gazette/MLive.com.

181 强烈的顺应别人行为的愿望：Asch, S. E. (1956). Studies of independence and conformity: I. A minority of one against a unanimous majority. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 70(9), 1–70.

181 社会比较：Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7(2), 117–140.

181 责任的分散：Darley, J. M., & Latané, B. (1968). Bystander intervention in emergencies: Diffusion of responsibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 8(4), 377–383.

182 “只有一个目击者……”：Darley, J. M., & Latané, B. (1968). Bystander intervention in emergencies: Diffusion of responsibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 8(4), 377–383, p. 378.

182 鹅会去援助：Kristof, N. D. (2008, July 31). A farm boy reflects. The New York Times.and, Kristof, N. D. (2013, October 20). Are chicks brighter than babies? The New York Times, p. SR13.

182 黑脸猴：Cheney, D. L., & Seyfarth, R. M. (1990). How monkeys see the world: Inside the mind of another species. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

182 猫鼬会轮流站岗：Santema, P., & Clutton-Brock, T. (2013). Meerkat helpers increase sentinel behaviour and bipedal vigilance in the presence of pups. Animal Behavior, 85(3), 655–661.

182 催产素……社会关联荷尔蒙：Madden, J. R., & Clutton-Brock, T. H. (2010). Experimental peripheral administration of oxytocin elevates a suite of cooperative behaviors in a wild social mammal. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 278(1709), 1189–1194.

第5章

184 露丝是一位6岁小孩的已婚妈妈，今年37岁了：这个场景是唯一一个没有逐字摘抄文献的场景——这只是虚构的几位前额叶受损患者中的一位，目的在于让读者更好地了解功能受损。具体细节参见 Penfield, W. (1935). The frontal lobe in man: A clinical study of maximum removals. Brain, 58(1), 115–133.

184 厄尼突然失去了正确评估未来需求的能力：Eslinger, P. J., & Damasio, A. R. (1985). Severe disturbance of higher cognition after bilateral frontal lobe ablation: Patient EVR. Neurology, 35(12), 1731. 为了保护病人隐私，我更改了患者的名字。

185 “我知道我想要画出来，但我就是不去做……”：Goel, V., & Grafman, J. (2000). Role of the right prefrontal cortex in ill-structured planning. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 17(5), 415–436, p. 423.

186 光波本身是无色的：Newton, I. (1995). The Principia (A. Motte, Trans.). New York, NY: Prometheus Books.

187 夜幕降临后，人们有多种方式知晓时间：Lombardi, M. A. (2007, March 5). Why is a minute divided into 60 seconds, an hour into 60 minutes, yet there are only 24 hours in a day? Scientific American.

Masters, K. (2006, April 5). Why is a day divided into 24 hours? Ask an astronomer. 摘自 http:// curious. astro. cornell. edu/ question. php? number= 594

187 古巴比伦人也将一天划为固定的24小时：Wright, A. (2008). Glut: Mastering information through the ages. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, p. 257.

187 著名的古希腊数学家、天文学家喜帕恰斯：North, J. D. (1975). Monasticism and the first mechanical clocks. In J. T. Fraser et al. (Eds.), The study of time II. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.

188 世界上每天大约有150000人死亡：疾病预防与控制中心（2014年2月 13日），死亡与死亡率，摘自http:// www. cdc. gov / nchs/ fastats/ deaths. htm。

Central Intelligence Agency (2010). The world factbook. Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office.

De Grey, A. D. N. J. (2007). Life span extension research and public debate: Societal considerations. Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology, 1(1), 1941–6008.

189 即使这些基因可能会在以后的时间里产生不良影响：Kirkwood, T. B. L., & Austad, S. N. (2000). Why do we age? Nature, 408(6809), 233–238.

189 基因变异只会在人类晚期挑战人类的生存：Kirkwood, T. B. L., & Austad, S. N. (2000). Why do we age? Nature, 408(6809), 233–238.

189 细胞能够分裂的次数也存在限制：Shay, J. W., & Wright, W. E. (2000). Hayflick, his limit, and cellular ageing. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 1(1), 72–76.

189 每分钟60~100下：Laskowski, E. R. (2009, September 29). What’s a normal resting heart rate? Mayo Clinic. 摘自 http:// www. mayoclinic. com / health/ heart-rate/ AN01906。

190 照片很有趣，因为：感谢戴维·克罗斯比的观察。

190 每250毫秒一次：Roxin, A., Brunel, N., Hansel, D., Mongillo, G., & van Vreeswijk, C. (2011). On the distribution of firing rates in networks of cortical neurons. The Journal of Neuroscience, 31(45), 16217–16226.

190 大脑的首席执行官：U. S. HHS (2013). Maturation of the Prefrontal Cortex. United States Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Population Affairs. 摘自 http:// www. hhs. gov/ opa/ familylife/ tech assistance/ etraining/ adolescent brain/ Development/ prefrontal_ cortex/。

190 前额叶皮层……连接：Knight, R. T., & Stuss, D. T. (2002). Prefrontal cortex: The present and the future. In D. T. Stuss & R. T. Knight (Eds.), Principles of frontal lobe function (pp. 573–598). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

191这是大多数动物所缺乏的能力：一些非人类的灵长类动物，尤其是黑猩猩和猴子，显示出延迟满足能力，这与它们前额叶皮层的进化程度一致。

Beran, M. J. (2013, May). Delay of gratification in nonhuman animals. Psychological Science Agenda. 摘自 www. apa. org/ science/ about/ psa/ 2013 / 05/ nonhuman-animals. Aspx。

191 20岁之前：Beckman, M. (2004). Crime, culpability, and the adolescent brain. Science, 305(5684), 596–599.

Giedd, J. N., Blumenthal, J., Jeffries, N. O., Castellanos, F. X., Liu, H., Zijdenbos, A., . . . Rapoport, J. L. (1999). Brain development during childhood and adolescence: A longitudinal MRI study. Nature Neuroscience, 2(10), 861–863.

Sowell, E. R., Thompson, P. M., & Toga, A. W. (2004). Mapping changes in the human cortex throughout the span of life. The Neuroscientist, 10(4), 372–392.

Steinberg, L. (2004). Risk taking in adolescence: What changes, and why? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1021(1), 51–58.

191 阿尔茨海默症：Baddeley, A. D. (1986). Working memory. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.

191 缺乏抑制一系列行为的能力：Lhermitte, F. (1983). “Utilization behaviour” and its relation to lesions of the frontal lobes. Brain, 106(2), 237–255.

192 无法进行短暂控制：Knight, R. T., & Grabowecky, M. (2000). Prefrontal cortex, time, and consciousness. In M. Gazzaniga (Ed.), The new cognitive neurosciences (pp. 1319–1337). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

192 并不知道自己有这种缺陷：Prigatano, G. P. (1991). Disturbances of self-awareness of deficit after traumatic brain injury. In G. P. Prigatano & D. L. Schacter (Eds.), Awareness of deficit after brain injury: Clinical and theoretical issues (pp. 111–126). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Stuss, D. T. (1991). Disturbances of self-awareness after frontal system damage. In G. P. Prigatano & D. L. Schacter (Eds.), Awareness of deficit after brain injury: Clinical and theoretical issues (pp. 63–83). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

192 导致创造力的丧失：Knight, R. T., & Stuss, D. T. (2002). Prefrontal cortex: The present and the future. In D. T. Stuss & R. T. Knight (Eds.), Principles of frontal lobe function. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

192 酒精会通过破坏……：Trantham-Davidson, H., Burnett, E. J., Gass, J. T., Lopez, M. F., Mulholland, P. J., Centanni, S. W., . . . Chandler, L. J. (2014). Chronic alcohol disrupts dopamine receptor activity and the cognitive function of the medial prefrontal cortex. The Journal of Neuroscience, 34(10), 3706–3718.

192 额叶多巴胺能神经元：Courchesne, E., Mouton, P. R., Calhoun, M. E., Semendeferi, K., Ahrens-Barbeau, C., Hallet, M. J., . . . Pierce, K. (2011). Neuron number and size in prefrontal cortex of children with autism. JAMA, 306(18), 2001–2010.

193 左旋多巴：Arnsten, A. F. T., & Dudley, A. G. (2005). Methylphenidate improves prefrontal cortical cognitive function through α2 adrenoceptor and dopamine D1 receptor actions: Relevance to therapeutic effects in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Behavioral and Brain Functions, 1(1), 2.

Owen, A. M., Sahakian, B. J., Hodges, J. R., Summers, B. A., Polkey, C. E., & Robbins, T. W. (1995). Dopamine-dependent frontostriatal planning deficits in early Parkinson’s disease. Neuropsychology, 9(1), 126–140.

Tucha, L., Tucha, O., Sontag, T. A., Stasik, D., Laufkötter, R., & Lange, K. W. (2011). Differential effects of methylphenidate on problem solving in adults with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 15(2), 161–173.

193 大脑……它却消耗了整个身体能量的20％：Clarke, D. D., & Sokoloff, L. (1999). Circulation and energy metabolism of the brain: Substrates of cerebral metabolism. In G. J. Siegel, B. W. Agranoff, R. W. Albers, S. K. Fisher, & M. D. Uhler (Eds.), Basic neurochemistry: Molecular, cellular and medical aspects (6th ed.) (pp. 637–669). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven.

193 单个静止神经元的电压输出：一个典型的神经元的静息电位为–70 mV，这意味着它有一个负电荷，iPod输出为正电荷。

194 给猫头鹰播放音乐：Janata, P. (1997). Electrophysiological studies of auditory contexts. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, University of Oregon.

194 化学物质被释放在特定的位置……大脑中的信息流：直接引自Anderson, D. (2011). Your brain is more than a bag of chemicals. [视频] TedX CalTech.

194 它们从葡萄糖处获得能量：Clarke, D. D., & Sokoloff, L. (1999). Circulation and energy metabolism of the brain: Substrates of cerebral metabolism. In G. J. Siegel, B. W. Agranoff, R. W. Albers, S. K. Fisher, & M. D. Uhler (Eds.), Basic neurochemistry: Molecular, cellular and medical aspects (6th ed.) (pp. 637–669). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven.

Sokoloff, L., Reivich, M., Kennedy, C., Des Rosiers, M. H., Patlak, C. S., Pettigrew, K. E. A., . . . Shinohara, M. (1977). The [14C]deoxyglucose method for the measurement of local cerebral glucose utilization: Theory, procedure, and normal values in the conscious and anesthetized albino rat. Journal of Neurochemistry, 28(5), 897–916.

194 除睾丸外：Himwich, H. E., & Nahum, L. H. (1929). The respiratory quotient of testicle. American Journal of Physiology, 88(4), 680–85.

Setchell, B. P., & Waites, G. M. H. (1964). Blood flow and the uptake of glucose and oxygen in the testis and epididymis of the ram. Journal of Physiology, 171(3), 411–425.

194 服食葡萄糖能够提高大脑对艰巨任务的处理能力：Hoyland, A., Lawton, C. L., Dye, L. (2008). Acute effects of macronutrient manipulations on cognitive test performance in healthy young adults: A systematic research review. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 32(1), 72–85.

Riby, L. M., Law, A. S., McLaughlin, J., & Murray, J. (2011). Preliminary evidence that glucose ingestion facilitates prospective memory performance. Nutrition Research, 31(5), 370–377.

Scholey, A. B., Harper, S., & Kennedy, D. O. (2001). Cognitive demand and blood glucose. Physiology & Behavior, 73(4), 585–592.

195 增加的消耗的大脑能量：哈佛大学医学院。（2004，7月）三种不同的人30分钟内燃烧的热量。Harvard Heart Letter. 卡路里的数量取决于你的体重，这是一个150磅的人；根据你的体重，每25磅增加或减少8卡路里。

195 连接一个个的神经元：Harris, J. J., Jolivet, R., & Attwell, D. (2012). Synaptic energy use and supply. Neuron, 75(5), 762–777.

195 无缝数据链：Kastenbaum, S. (Producer). (2012, May 26). Texting while walking a dangerous experiment in multitasking [Audio podcast]. 摘自 http:// news. blogs. cnn. com/ 2012/ 05/ 26/ texting-while-walking-a-dangerous-experiment-in-multitasking/。

196 “……深入思考”：引自 Tuged, A. (2008, October 25). Multitasking can make you lose . . . um . . . focus. The New York Times, p. B7.

196 大脑的唤醒系统偏好新奇的事物：Tucker, D. M. (1987, May). Hemisphere specialization: A mechanism for unifying anterior and posterior brain regions. In D. Ottoson (Chair), Duality and unity of the brain: Unified functioning and specialization of the hemispheres (pp. 180–193). Symposium conducted at The Wenner-Gren Center, Stockholm, Sweden. New York, NY: Plenum Press.

196 人类努力工作： 几乎直接引自 Gopnik, A. (2011, May 22). The great illusion. [Review of the book Soul Dust by N. Humphrey]. The New York Times Book Review, p. 19.

196 专注与创造之间的平衡：一些有创意的音乐家，当他们需要执行重复任务，如数字音频编辑，他们会服用提高多巴胺的药物，但他们绝不会在作曲或演奏音乐的时候服用药物。

197 用于关注任务的重要神经化学物质： 美国国家医学图书馆（2007年9月）. Genetics home reference: Genes, COMT. 摘自 http:// ghr. nlm. nih. gov/ gene/ COMT。

197 按照某种并不是那么有新意的指引：Colzato, L. S., Waszak, F., Nieuwenhuis, S., Posthuma, D., Hommel, B. (2010). The flexible mind is associated with the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val158Met polymorphism: Evidence for a role of dopamine in the control of task-switching.Neuropsychologia, 48(9), 2764–2768.

He, Q., Xue, G., Chen, C., Lu, Z. L., Chen, C., Lei, X., . . . Bechara, A. (2012). COMT Val158Met polymorphism interacts with stressful life events and parental warmth to influence decision-making. Scientific Reports, 2(677).

198 反映在海马体中：Eichenbaum, H. (2013). Memory on time. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 17(2), 81–88.

199 车辆、物资以及人员：Kennard, M. F. (1947, April 11). The Building of Mulberry Harbour. The war illustrated, 10 (255), 771–772. London, UK: Amalgamated Press.

History Learning Site. (n. d.). The Mulberry Harbour. 摘自 http:// www. historylearningsite. co. uk。

199 (约150万立方英尺)：A standard of English timber equals 165 cubic feet. Urquhart, G. D. (1869). Dues and charges on shipping in foreign ports: A manual of reference for the use of shipowners, shipbrokers, & shipmasters. London, UK: George Philip and Son, p. 185.

Chest of Books. (n. d.). Petersburg standard of timber. 摘自 http://chestofbooks. com/ crafts/ mechanics/ Cyclopaedia/ Petersburg-Standard-Of-Timber . html#. UYW9jt2Qc3I。

199 人类历史上最伟大的工程和军事壮举之一：Kennard, M. F. (1947, April 11). The Building of Mulberry Harbour. The war illustrated, 10 (255), 771–772. London, UK: Amalgamated Press.

201 多任务新陈代谢消耗：Chevignard, M., Pillon, B., Pradat-Diehl, P., Taillefer, C., Rousseau, S., Le Bras, C., & Dubois, B. (2000). An ecological approach to planning dysfunction: Script execution. Cortex, 36(5), 649–669.

203 日常生活适应策略：Goldberg, E. (2001). The executive brain: Frontal lobes and the civilized mind. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

204 更改规则且没有提示的情况下：Knight, R. T., & Stuss, D. T. (2002). Prefrontal cortex: The present and the future. In D. T. Stuss & R. T. Knight (Eds.), Principles of frontal lobe function. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

204 它们又会在另一个频率震荡：Buschman, T. J., Denovellis, E. L., Diogo, C., Bullock, D., & Miller, E. K. (2012). Synchronous oscillatory neural ensembles for rules in the prefrontal cortex. Neuron, 76(4), 838–846.

204 会争夺注意力的环境特征与刺激：Fallon, S. J., Williams-Gray, C. H., Barker, R. A., Owen, A. M., & Hampshire, A. (2013). Prefrontal dopamine levels determine the balance between cognitive stability and flexibility. Cerebral Cortex, 23(2), 361–369.

206 “……我们之所以会认为这是想当然的，是因为我们从小就了解它”：Ferguson, J., 个人交流, 2010年12月9日。

206 小说和短篇故事中：Gottschall, J. (2012). The storytelling animal: How stories make us human. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company.

Gottschall, J., & Wilson, D. S. (Eds.). (2005). The literary animal: Evolution and the nature of narrative (rethinking theory). Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.

207 编辑指引：Kurby, C. A., & Zacks, J. M. (2007). Segmentation in the perception and memory of events. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12(2), 72–79.

208 数量适中的、有意义的单元：Kurby, C. A., & Zacks, J. M. (2007). Segmentation in the perception and memory of events. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12(2), 72–79.

210 单板漫画幽默: Piraro, D.,个人交流，2014年3月8日。

210 也会在我们的记忆中留下更深的印象：Craik, F. I., & Lockhart, R. S. (1972). Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 11(6), 671–684.

211 引入课堂，并已经取得了巨大的成功：Crouch, C. H., & Mazur, E. (2001). Peer instruction: Ten years of experience and results. American Journal of Physics, 69(9), 970–977.

211 方便我们检索：几乎直接摘自Kopasz, M., Loessl, B., Hornyak, M., Riemann, D., Nissen, C., Piosczyk, H., & Voderholzer, U. (2010). Sleep and memory in healthy children and adolescents— A critical review. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 14(3), 167–177.

212 在睡眠的不同阶段完成：Kopasz, M., Loessl, B., Hornyak, M., Riemann, D., Nissen, C., Piosczyk, H., & Voderholzer, U. (2010). Sleep and memory in healthy children and adolescents— A critical review. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 14(3), 167–177.

212 在我们的大脑中整合成为一个对外部世界更广义、更有层次的表现：Diekelmann, S., & Born, J. (2010). The memory function of sleep. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 11(2), 114–126.

Walker, M. P., & Stickgold, R. (2010). Overnight alchemy: Sleep-dependent memory evolution. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 11(3), 218.

212 已经发生过的经历混淆：McClelland, J. L., McNaughton, B. L., & O’Reilly, R. C. (1995). Why there are complementary learning systems in the hippocampus and neocortex: Insights from the successes and failures of connectionist models of learning and memory. Psychological Review, 102(3), 419–457.

212 我们睡觉时……信息处理程序：Walker, M. P., & Stickgold, R. (2010). Overnight alchemy: Sleep-dependent memory evolution. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 11(3), 218.

212 组合成一个无缝整体：正如Walker & Stickgold (2010) 所写的那样：“隔夜巩固已经成为序列打字机械训练的一部分，用以学习打出数字序列，例如4-1-3-2-1-3-2-1-4。初始阶段，序列被分成较小的模块（例如，413-21-3214）。经过一夜之后，这些序列得到巩固，无需中断就可以完整打出（也就是 413213214）。”

这段话描述了以下前人的成果：Kuriyama, K., Stickgold, R., & Walker, M. P. (2004). Sleep-dependent learning and motor-skill complexity. Learning & Memory, 11(6), 705–713.

213 ATP（神经信令辅酶）升高：Dworak, M., McCarley, R. W., Kim, T., Kalinchuk, A. V., & Basheer, R. (2010). Sleep and brain energy levels: ATP changes during sleep. The Journal of Neuroscience, 30(26), 9007–9016.

213 这是在相同时间内保持清醒：Barrett, T. R., & Ekstrand, B. R. (1972). Effect of sleep on memory: III. Controlling for time-of-day effects. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 96(2), 321–327.

Fischer, S., Hallschmid, M., Elsner, A. L., & Born, J. (2002). Sleep forms memory for finger skills. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 99(18), 11987–11991.

Huber, R., Ghilardi, M. F., Massimini, M., & Tononi, G. (2004). Local sleep and learning. Nature, 430(6995), 78–81.

Jenkins, J. G., & Dallenbach, K. M. (1924). Obliviscence during sleep and waking. American Journal of Psychology, 35(4), 605–612.

Plihal, W., & Born, J. (1997). Effects of early and late nocturnal sleep on declarative and procedural memory. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 9(4), 534–547.

Stickgold, R., James, L., & Hobson, J. A. (2000). Visual discrimination learning requires sleep after training. Nature Neuroscience, 3(12), 1237–1238.

Stickgold, R., Whidbee, D., Schirmer, B., Patel, V., & Hobson, J. A. (2000). Visual discrimination task improvement: A multistep process occurring during sleep. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 12(2), 246–254.

Walker, M., Brakefield, T., Morgan, A., Hobson, J. A., & Stickgold, R. (2002). Practice with sleep makes perfect: Sleep dependent motor skill learning. Neuron, 35(1), 205–211.

213 休息一夜之后……演奏某首曲子 ：Allen, S. (2013). Memory stabilization and enhancement following music practice. Psychology of Music. Advance online publication. 摘自 http:// pom. sagepub. com。

213 相同的时间内保持清醒：Wagner, U., Gais, S., Haider, H., Verleger, R., & Born, J. (2004). Sleep inspires insight. Nature, 427(6972), 352–355.

213 解决那些需要深入了解问题：Wagner, U., Gais, S., Haider, H., Verleger, R., & Born, J. (2004). Sleep inspires insight. Nature, 427(6972), 352–355.

214 梦到了游戏有关的抽象元素：Stickgold, R., Malia, A., Maguire, D., Roddenberry, D., & O’Connor, M. (2000). Replaying the game: Hypnagogic images in normals and amnesiacs. Science, 290(5490), 350–353

215 这些梦境没有那么生动形象：Siegel, J. (2006). The stuff dreams are made of: Anatomical substrates of REM sleep. Nature Neuroscience, 9(6), 721–722.

215乙酰胆碱和皮质醇水平的提高：Hasselmo, M. E. (1999). Neuro-modulation: Acetylcholine and memory consolidation. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 3(9), 351–59.

215 快速眼动睡眠期间不同脑区之间的关联链接：Jones, M. W., & Wilson, M. A. (2005). Theta rhythms coordinate hippocampal-prefrontal interactions in a spatial memory task. PLoS Biology, 3(12), e402.

216 从一个状态切换到另一种状态：Lu, J., Sherman, D., Devor, M., Saper, C. B. (2006, June 1). A putative flip-flop switch for control of REM sleep. Nature, 441, 589–594.

216 清晨之后的更长时间：Domhoff, G. W. (2002). The scientific study of dreams: Neural networks, cognitive development, and content analysis. Washington, DC: APA Press.

216 清晨快速眼动睡眠的最后90分钟：Stickgold, R. (2005). Sleep-dependent memory consolidation. Nature, 437, 1272–1278.

American Psychological Association. (n. d.). Why sleep is important and what happens when you don’t get enough. 摘自 http:// www. apa. org/ top ics/ sleep/ why. aspx? item= 11。

216 好好休息两晚：Stickgold, R., James, L., & Hobson, J. A. (2000). Visual discrimination learning requires sleep after training. Nature Neuroscience, 3(12), 1237–1238.

217 神经元代谢的基本属性：Domhoff, G. W. (2002). The scientific study of dreams: Neural networks, cognitive development, and content analysis. Washington, DC: APA Press.

Xie, L., Hongyi, K., Qiwu, X., Chen, M. J., Yonghong, L., Meenakshisundaram, T., . . . Nedergaard, M. (2013). Sleep drives metabolite clearance from the adult brain. Science, 342(6156), 373–377.

217 白天累积的：Xie, L., Hongyi, K., Qiwu, X., Chen, M. J., Yonghong, L., Meenakshisundaram, T., . . . Nedergaard, M. (2013). Sleep drives metabolite clearance from the adult brain. Science, 342(6156), 373–377.

217 神经激素会被释放诱导我们苏醒：Van Dongen, H. P. A., & Dinges, D. P. (2000). Circadian rhythms in fatigue, alertness, and performance. In M. H. Kryger, T. Roth, & W. C. Dement (Eds.), Principles and practice of sleep medicine (3rd ed.) (pp. 391–399). Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders.

Stenberg, D. (2007). Neuroanatomy and neurochemistry of sleep. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 64(10), 1187–1204.

218 很多天之后的认知表现：Krueger, J. M., Rector, D. M., Roy, S., Van Dongen, H. P. A., Belenky, G., & Panksepp, J. (2008). Sleep as a fundamental property of neuronal assemblies. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 9(12), 910–919.

218 三分球命中率将分别提高：Mah, C. D., Mah, K. E., Kezirian, E. J., & Dement, W. C. (2011). The effects of sleep extension on the athletic performance of collegiate basketball players. Sleep, 34(7), 943.

218 随后他们又会休息四五个小时：Ekirch, A. R. (2006). At day’s close: Night in times past. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company.

Koslofsky, C. (2011). Evening’s empire: A history of the night in early modern Europe. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Wehr (1992). In short photoperiods, human sleep is biphasic. Journal of Sleep Research, 1(2), 103–107.

218 提高生活满意度、增加效率以及改善表现：Chiang, Y-Y., Tsai, P-Y., Chen, P-C., Yang, M-H., Li, C-Y., Sung, F-C., & Chen, K-B. (2012). Sleep disorders and traffic accidents. Epidemiology, 23(4), 643–644.

United States Census Bureau. (n. d.). Transportation: Motor vehicle accidents and fatalities. 摘自 http:// www. census. gov/

219 给出了以下建议：National Sleep Foundation. (n. d.). How much sleep do we really need? 摘自 http:// www. sleepfounda tion. org/ article/ how-sleep-works/ how-much-sleep-do-we-really-need。

219 这都是因人而异的：Hor, H., & Tafti, M. (2009). How much sleep do we need? Science, 325 (5942), 825–826, p. 825.

219 一口气睡8个小时而已：Van Dongen, H. P. A., & Dinges, D. P. (2000). Circadian rhythms in fatigue, alertness, and performance. In M. H. Kryger, T. Roth, & W. C. Dement (Eds.), Principles and practice of sleep medicine (3rd ed.) (pp. 391–399). Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders.

220 将睡眠不足定义为公共卫生疫情：Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n. d.). Insufficient sleep is a public health epidemic. 摘自 http:// www. cdc. gov/ features/ dssleep/ index. html#References。

220 不损害认知效果：这段话几乎直接摘自美国睡眠医学研究委员会和医学研究所 (2006). Sleep disorders and sleep deprivation: An unmet public health problem. Colton, H. R. & Altevogt, B. M. (Eds.) Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.还可参见 http:// www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ books/ NBK19958/

Dinges, D., Rogers, N., & Baynard, M. D. (2005). Chronic sleep deprivation. In M. H. Kryger, T. Roth, & W. C. Dement, (Eds.), Principles and practice of sleep medicine (4th ed.) (pp. 67–76). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders.

Nightly news: Sleep deprivation costs companies billions [Video file]. (2013, January 23). NBC News. 摘自 http:// www. nbcnews. com/。

220 击中了自己阵营的其他人：Kuruvilla, C. (2013, March 15). Captain of Air France plane that crashed into Atlantic Ocean killing everyone on board was running on one hour of sleep. New York Daily News.

Randall, D. K. (2012, August 3). Decoding the science of sleep. The Wall Street Journal.

美国睡眠医学研究委员会和医学研究所 (2006). Sleep disorders and sleep deprivation: An unmet public health problem. Colton, H. R. & Altevogt, B. M. (Eds.) Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. Also available at http:// www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ books/ NBK19958/

220 全球最著名灾难的主要因素：Harrison, Y., & Horne, J. A. (2000). The impact of sleep deprivation on decision-making: A review. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 6(3), 236–249.

220 “埃克森·瓦尔迪兹号”漏油事件：美国国家运输安全委员会(1997). Marine accident report: Grounding of the U. S. tankship Exxon Valdez on Bligh Reeff, Prince William Sound, near Valdez, Alaska. NTSB Number MAR-90/ 04; PB90-916405. Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office.

220 “公主号”游轮搁浅事件： 美国国家运输安全委员会 (1997). Marine accident report: Grounding of the Liberian passenger ship Star Princess on Poundstone Rock, Lynn Canal, Alaska. NTSB Number MAR-97/ 02; PB97-916403. Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office.

Brown, D. B. (2007). Legal implications of obstructive sleep apnea. In C. A. Kushida (Ed.), Obstructive sleep apnea: Diagnosis and treatment. New York, NY: Informa Healthcare USA.

220 “挑战者号”航天飞机升天：“挑战者号”航天飞机事故的总统委员会（1986）。华盛顿：美国政府印刷办公室。

220 大致相当于……一年的营业额：CNN Money. (n. d.). Fortune global 500. 摘自 http:// money. cnn. com/。

220 肥胖症、中风和癌症：Randall, D. K. (2012, August 3). Decoding the science of sleep. The Wall Street Journal.

221 “……将你的头放在枕头上”：Randall, D. K. (2012). Dreamland: Decoding the science of sleep. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company.

221 被认为比安眠药更能有效地治疗：Ambien Jacobs, G. D., Pace-Schott, E. F., Stickgold, R., & Otto, M. W. (2004). Cognitive behavior therapy and pharmacotherapy for insomnia: A randomized controlled trial and direct comparison. Archives of Internal Medicine, 164(17), 1888–1896.

221 糊里糊涂地醒来的：Randall, D. K. (2012). Dreamland: Decoding the science of sleep. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company.

Randall, D. K. (2012, August 3). Decoding the science of sleep. The Wall Street Journal.

221 如阿立新、皮质醇和肾上腺素：Monti, J., Pandi-Perumal, S. R., Sinton, C. M., & Sinton, C. W. (Eds.). (2008). Neurochemistry of sleep and wakefulness. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Stenberg, D. (2007). Neuroanatomy and neurochemistry of sleep. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 64(10), 1187–1204.

222 效果却是相反的，会让我们产生睡眠惯性：Mayo Clinic. (n. d.). Napping: Do’s and don’ts for healthy adults. 摘自 http:// www. mayoclinic. com/ health/ napping/ MY01383。

222 但午睡的好处却是显而易见的：Nishida, M., Pearsall, J., Buckner, R. L., & Walker, M. P. (2009). REM sleep, prefrontal theta, and the consolidation of human emotional memory. Cerebral Cortex 19(5), 1158–1166.

222 工作效率越高，回报越大：Tucker, M. A., Hirota, Y., Wamsley, E. J., Lau, H., Chaklader, A., & Fishbein, W. (2006). A daytime nap containing solely non-REM sleep enhances declarative but not procedural memory. Neurobiology of Learning & Memory, 86(2), 241–247.

Wilson, J. K., Baran, B., Pace-Schott, E. F., Ivry, R. B., & Spencer, R. M. C. (2012). Sleep modulates word-pair learning but not motor sequence learning in healthy older adults. Neurobiology of Aging, 33(5), 991–1000.

222 午睡可以扭转我们的负面情绪：Gujar, N., McDonald, S. A., Nishida, M., & Walker, M. P. (2011). A role for REM sleep in recalibrating the sensitivity of the human brain to specific emotions. Cerebral Cortex, 21(1), 115–123.

Mednick, S., Nakayama, K., & Stickgold, R. (2003). Sleep-dependent learning: A nap is as good as a night. Nature Neuroscience, 6(7), 697–698.

223 心血管疾病、糖尿病、中风，以及心脏病：Markowitz, E. (2011, August 12). Should your employees take naps? Inc. 摘自 http:// www. inc. com/

Naska, A., Oikonomou, E., Tichopoulou, A., Psaltopoulou, T., & Tichopoulous, D. (2007). Siesta in healthy adults and coronary mortality in the general population. JAMA Internal Medicine, 167(3), 296–301.

Stein, R. (2007, February 13). Midday naps found to fend off heart disease. The Washington Post.

注意：这个问题存在一些争议。首先，对男性的影响明显大于女性；这其中也存在统计学意义，可能因为太少的女性死于心脏疾病，无法形成一个适当的对照组的统计结果。

另一项研究表明，每天午睡与心肌梗死的风险增加相关，而另一个午睡与各种死亡风险增加相关，这些都因文化不同而不同。

参见Campos, H., & Siles, X. (2000). Siesta and the risk of coronary heart disease: Results from a population-based, case-control study in Costa Rica. International Journal of Epidemiology, 29(3), 429–437.

Tanabe, N., Iso, H., Seki, N., Suzuki, H., Yatsuya, H., Toyoshima, H., & Tamakshi, A. (2010) Daytime napping and mortality, with a special reference to cardiovascular disease: The JACC study. International Journal of Epidemiology, 39(1), 233–243.

223 许多公司都有专门配备了行军床的午休室：Markowitz, E. (2011, August 12). Should your employees take naps? Inc. 摘自 http:// www. inc. com/

224 向东旅行的球队平均每场比赛都会丢掉一个进球：Recht, L. D., Lew, R. A., & Schwartz, W. J. (1995). Baseball teams beaten by jet lag. Nature, 377(6550), 583.

224 肌肉力量和协调性的减弱：Waterhouse, J., Reilly, T., Atkinson, G., & Edwards, B. (2007). Jet lag: Trends and coping strategies. Lancet, 369(9567), 1117–1129.

224 60岁以上的人：Monk, T. (2005). Aging human circadian rhythms: Conventional wisdom may not always be right. Journal of Biological Rhythms, 20(4), 366–374.

Monk, T., Buysse, D., Carrier, J., & Kupfer, D. (2000). Inducing jet-lag in older people: Directional asymmetry. Journal of Sleep Research, 9(2), 101–116.

224 模拟……午后阳光：Burgess, H. J., Crowley, S. J., Gazda, C. J., Fogg, L. F., & Eastman, C. I. (2003). Preflight adjustment to eastward travel: 3 days of advancing sleep with and without morning bright light. Journal of Biological Rhythms, 18(4), 318–328.

225 即可见效：Suhner, A., Schlagenhauf, P., Johnson, R., Tschopp, A., & Steffen, R. (1998). Comparative study to determine the optimal melatonin dosage form for the alleviation of jet lag. Chronobiology International, 15(6), 655–666.

Waterhouse, J., Reilly, T., Atkinson, G., & Edwards, B. (2007). Jet lag: Trends and coping strategies. Lancet, 369(9567), 1117–1129.

225 年轻人和孕妇也被告知应：Sanders, D., Chatuvedi, A., & Hordinsky, J. (1999). Melatonin: Aeromedical, toxicopharmacological, and analytical aspects. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 23(3), 159–167.

225 已经产生了尽可能多的睡眠所需要的褪黑激素：Eastman, C. I., & Burgess, H. J. (2009). How to travel the world without jet lag. Sleep Medicine Clinics, 4(2), 241–255.

225 当我们拖延的时候：这一节中的很大一部分信息与想法都源自Steel, P., & Ferrari, J. (2013). Sex, education and procrastination: An epidemiological study of procrastinators’ characteristics from a global sample. European Journal of Personality, 27(1), 51–58.

225 非常没有耐心，也很容易感到厌倦： Eberts, J.,个人交流，2008年5月5日，梅戈格。

225 采取了一项严格的政策:现在开始行动： Eberts, A., 个人交流，2013年11月26日，蒙特利尔。

226 杰克将这种方式称为吃青蛙： Eberts, A., 个人交流，2013年11月26日，蒙特利尔。

“活吃青蛙”源自马克·吐温，“每天早上第一件事活吃一只青蛙，那么，这一整天，坏事都不会发生在你身上。”

226 推迟有助于我们实现目标的活动、任务或决定： Orellana-Damacela, L. E., Tindale, R. S., & Suárez-Balcázar, Y. (2000). Decisional and behavioralprocrastination: How they relate to self-discrepancies. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 15(5), 225–238.

226 导致他们已经无法选择采取哪种治疗方式：Harlan, L. C., Bernstein, A. B., & Kessler, L. G. (1991). Cervical cancer screening: Who is not screened and why? American Journal of Public Health, 81(7), 885–890.

Jaberi, F. M., Parvizi, J., Haytmanek, C. T., Joshi, A., & Purtill, J. (2008). Procrastination of wound drainage and malnutrition affect the outcome of joint arthroplasty. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 466(6), 1368–1371.

Saposnik, G. (2009). Acute stroke management: Avoiding procrastination, the best way to optimize care delivery. European Journal of Neurology, 16(12), 1251–1252.

Steel, P., & Ferrari, J. (2013). Sex, education and procrastination: An epidemiological study of procrastinators’ characteristics from a global sample. European Journal of Personality, 27(1), 51–58.

Worthley, D. L., Cole, S. R., Esterman, A., Mehaffey, S., Roosa, N. M., Smith, A., . . . Young, G. P. (2006). Screening for colorectal cancer by faecal occult blood test: Why people choose to refuse. Internal Medicine Journal, 36(9), 607–610.

226 退休储蓄计划，直到这一切都已经来不及：Byrne, A., Blake, D., Cairns, A., & Dowd, K. (2006). There’s no time like the present: The cost of delaying retirement saving. Financial Services Review, 15(3), 213–231.

Venti, S. (2006). Choice, behavior and retirement saving. In G. Clark, A. Munnell & M. Orszag (Eds.), Oxford handbook of pensions and retirement income (Vol. 1, pp. 21— 30). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

226 女性更容易比男性从大学毕业：Goldin, C., Katz, L. F., & Kuziemko, I. (2006). The homecoming of American college women: The reversal of the college gender gap. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 20(4), 133–156.

Heckman, J. J., & LaFontaine, P. A. (2010). The American high school graduation rate: Trends and levels. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 92(2), 244–262.

Janosz, M., Archambault, I., Morizot, J., & Pagani, L. S. (2008). School engagement trajectories and their differential predictive relations to dropout. Journal of Social Issues, 64(1), 21–40.

227 女性更不容易患上拖延症：由于研究中存在太多变量N，这之间的关联度极低，很难具有统计意义。最强的关联也只在拖延症习惯中占1%。

227 减少人类患拖延症的概率：Kaplan, S., & Berman, M. G. (2010). Directed attention as a common resource for executive functioning and self-regulation. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5(1), 43–57.

227 但与此同时也更容易拖延：Rentfrow, P., Gosling, S., & Potter, J. (2008). A theory of the emergence, persistence, and expression of geographic variation in psychological characteristics. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(5), 339–369.

227 一旦大脑前额叶受损：Freeman, W., & Watts, J. W. (1939). An interpretation of the functions of the frontal lobe: Based upon observations in forty-eight cases of prefrontal lobotomy. The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, 11(5), 527–539, p. 537.

Strub, R. L. (1989). Frontal lobe syndrome in a patient with bilateral globus pallidus lesions. Archives of Neurology, 46(9), 1024–1027.

228 两大潜在因素：Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: A meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 65.

Steel, P. (2010). The procrastination equation: How to stop putting things off and start getting stuff done. New York, NY: HarperCollins.

229 更容易陷入拖延：斯蒂尔构造了一个逆方程，将自信心和完成值放在分子，将完成时间和干扰放在分母，得出了任务完成渴望度。即：